Foundation of

Education

Chapter 2
The Learner
Mr. Ivan James A. Fermanejo
Reflection…

“I will instruct you and teach you in

the way you should go; I will counsel
you with my loving eye on you.”
- Psalm 32:8
Before we begin…
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The Learner
• Is the most important component in the educative
process.
• Center of attention in the whole educational system.
It is necessary to study his characteristics, his capacities, and the rest if his personality
traits so that ways and means maybe devised to enhance his ability to assimilate
learning.
The Biological and
Physiological
Development
of the Learner

Foundation of
Education
10 Stages of Human Development
• Pre-Natal Period
• Infancy or Babyhood Period
• Early Childhood
• Late Childhood
• Puberty stage
• Early Adolescence
• Late Adolescence
• Early Adulthood
• Middle Age
• Old Age
Pre-natal Period
• This is the period from conception to birth.
• Usually 9 calendar months or 10 lunar months.
• 280 days but it only takes 266 days from conception.
• Formation of human body parts such as internal
organs, skeletal bones, flesh, etc.
• Parent’s characteristics are imparted to the child.
 Infancy Period (Birth – 2years
• The new born baby has the capacity
for all life sustaining activities such as
breathing, sucking and swallowing,
and discharging bodily waste.
• Start to develop physical and
physiological behavior patterns such as
rolling, crawling, sitting, standing,
walking, talking, laughing.
• relate emotionally to parents, kins,
and others
• distinguish right from wrong through
development of a conscience
• learn sex differences and sexual
modesty
 Early Childhood: 2 - 6 years
• Pre-school period.
• Exploratory and inquisitive period
• Wants to explore any place or
anything he can reach and asks too
many questions.
• Learns some social relationships and
plays with other children of his/her
age group.
• Learns some physical and manual
skills.
• Learn what is right and what is wrong
• Can walk and run with steadiness talk
understandably, follow simple
directions and take a bath and dress
by himself alone.
 Late Childhood: 6 - 11 years
• Elementary school period.
• Learns some manual skills taught
at home and in school.
• Learns things taught in school such
as reading, writing, arithmetic, and
language, and social (geographical)
studies.
• Joins peer group.
• Further learns what is right and
wrong and how to relate himself to
and with others.
• Begins to be interested in the
opposite sex.
 Puberty Stage: 12 - 15 years
• Early high school period.
• Urge of sex begins to assert
itself rapidly.
• Already capable of
procreation.
• Physical and physiological
changes in both sexes takes
very fast.
• Growth in height and weight
is also rapid.
• Girls start having monthly
period.
 Early Adolescence: 15 - 17 years
• Late high school period.
• Rapid sex maturation
occurs.
• Voice, feeling, and thinking
continue changing.
• Youth continue their
studies and now develop
their life ambitions and
aspirations.
 Late Adolescence: 18 - 21 years
• Process of development
continues.
• Youth in college are now
preparing for their
professional or vocational
careers and those out of
schools are entering or
finding jobs in
preparation for an
independent life.
• Development of
intellectual and social skill
continues.
 Early Adulthood: 21 – 40 years
• Start of productive years
• Higher studies may be
pursued.
• New life adjustments
occur such as courtship
and marriage,
parenthood, employment,
recreational hobby,
religious affiliation,
joining clubs, and years of
achievements.
 Middle Age: 40 - 65 years
• Must have achieved most of
his or her aspirations in life
such as a well-established
home and family, stable and
lucrative employment or
business, creative
achievements, even political
achievement.
• Time for the preparation for
retirement.
• Physical and physiological
functioning begins to
decrease or deteriorate.
 Old Age: 65 years and Above
• Retirement period
• Some physical,
physiological and
mental functioning
continues to decline
more rapidly.
Developmentalism

Foundation of
Education
DEVELOPMENTALISM
• Sometimes called Pestalozzianism
• It is a system of educational doctrines and
practices developer by the Swiss educator
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi and followers.
• This system subjects the individual to
developmental tasks arranged from easy to
difficult.
DEVELOPMENTALISM
• Pestalozzianism stresses that instruction should
proceed from the familiar to the new, incorporate
the performance of concrete arts and the
experience of actual emotional responses, and be
paced to follow the gradual unfolding of the child’s
development. His ideas flow from the same stream
of thought that includes Johann Friedrich Herbart,
Maria Montessori, John Dewey, and more recently
Jean Piaget and advocates of constructivist theories
of curriculum development.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
Two Basic Facts About Development
1. Development is sequential

development follows strictly a definite

sequence of steps or stages of progression

 The child who learns to roll over eventually learns to

walk
 Learner has to start from Gr. 1, pass through series of
grades before reaching Gr. 6
Two Basic Facts About Development
2. The rate of development is not
equal for all individuals
Some persons develop and learn faster than
others.
Two major factors:
 Heredity – Gives all the potentialities for growth &
development
 Environment – Provides the direction of the growth and
development of an individual.
 INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
Two factors that
affects the growth
and development of
the Learners:

HEREDITY
ENVIRONMENT
1. Age
• Older learners have more
physical strength and
higher level of
comprehension than
younger ones

Heredity Factor
2. Sex
• Males are expected to be
aggressive, fearless, and
capable of doing heavier work.
• Females are expected to be
passive, demure, prim and the
like.

Heredity Factor
3. Physical condition
• Healthier persons progress
more rapidly in their
development than those who
are less healthy.
• Normal people develop faster
and better and are able to
attain higher status than
handicapped people.
Heredity Factor
4. Intelligence
• Those who are more
intelligent progress and
grow faster than those
who are less intelligent.

Heredity Factor
5. Aptitude and
Special Talent
• Children that are gifted
with special aptitudes and
talents often shows
excellence of performance
and leadership in their
respective fields of
specializations far above
the ordinary individuals.
Heredity Factor
6. Temperament
• Children who are more
emotionally mature and
stable are more patient in
studying their lessons
hence, learn faster than
those are more
temperamental.

Heredity Factor
7. Extro/Intro-
version
• Extroverts choose careers that
afford theme to more contacts
with other people.
• Introverts and submissive prefer
jobs than can be performed in
peace, quiet, and with less
contacts with others people.
Heredity Factor
8. Effort-making
capacity
• An important trait,
one with much
effort-making
capacity studies and
work harder,
concentrates more,
and exhibits
steadiness in his
work.
Heredity Factor
8. Criminal tendency
• Children who have this
tendency are usually
bullies, troublemakers, and
they commit many anti-
social acts in or out of
school
Heredity Factor
1. Family Background

Environment Factor
2. Community Background

Environment Factor
3. School

Environment Factor
THANK YOU!