MATTER & ITS

PROPERTIES
General Chemistry 1
STEM 12
Answer to your previous Pre-test
ATOMS, IONS, MOLECULES
 a. Atoms – the smallest particle
 b. Molecules – composed of atoms
 c. Ions – particles with charge
SOLID LIQUID GAS
 Solid - closely packed; restricted motion
 Liquid – far apart; free movement
 Gas – very far apart; very free movement (chaotic)

A. HOW SEPARATED ARE THE PARTICLES IN EACH

STATE OF MATTER?

B. HOW FREE ARE THE PARTICLES TO MOVE IN EACH

STATE OF MATTER?
 a. Iron nail - Solid
 b. Sugar - Solid
 c. Syrup - Liquid
 d. Air - Gas
 e. Ice - Solid
 f. Alcohol - Liquid
Physical & Chemical PROPERTIES
(LEFT CLUSTER)

Intensive & Extensive PROPERTIES

(RIGHT CLUSTER)
 A. In physical properties, no change in
composition takes place during the
determination or measurement of these
properties. On the other hand, in chemical
properties, a change in composition occurs
during the determination or measurement of
these properties.

A. What Is The Difference Between Physical

Properties And Chemical Properties?
 B. Extensive properties change their value when
the amount of matter or substance is changed.
Meanwhile, intensive properties do not change
their value when the amount of matter is
changed.

B. How Do The Extensive Properties

Differ From The Intensive Properties?
 a. Melting of ice - Physical
 b. Evaporation of water - Physical
 c. Rusting - Chemical
 d. Digestion - Chemical
 a. Boiling point - Intensive
 b. Weight - Extensive
 c. Volume - Extensive
 d. Density - Intensive
 Pure substances Mixtures

elements compounds homogeneous heterogeneous

 Pure
substances are composed of only
one component, while mixtures are
composed of several components.

HOW DO PURE SUBSTANCES

DIFFER FROM MIXTURES?
 a. Table sugar - Pure
 b. Table salt - Pure
 c. Iodized salt - Mixture
 d. Brown sugar - Mixture
 e. Distilled water - Pure
 f. Soft drinks - Mixture
 g. Oxygen gas (in tank)- Pure
 h. Human breath - Mixture
• Elements are pure substances that are made up of
only one kind of atoms.
Possible examples: iron; gold; mercury

• Compounds are pure substances made up of two or

more kinds of atoms.
Possible examples: salt; sugar; water

What Is The Difference Between

Elements And Compounds?
• A homogeneous mixture has a uniform
composition and exhibits the same properties in
different parts of the mixture.

• A heterogeneous mixture has a non uniform

composition and its properties vary in different parts
of the mixture.

What Is The Difference Between

Homogeneous And
Heterogeneous Mixtures?
 a. Rubbing alcohol - Homo
 b. Mixture of water and oil - Hetero
 c. Mixture of salt and pepper - Hetero
 d. Carbonated soft drink - Homo
 e. Human breath - Homo
Choose 3:

Filtration; Distillation; Magnetic

Separation; Decantation; Sublimation.
 • Filtration: to separate a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous
mixture using a filtering membrane, like paper or cloth
 • Distillation: to separate a liquid in a homogeneous mixture
 • Magnetic separation: to separate a magnetic solid from a
heterogeneous mixture
 • Decantation: to separate a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous
mixture based on gravity
 • Sublimation: to separate a volatile solid from a non-volatile solid

When Can Each Method Be Used In Separating

The Components Of A Mixture?
 a. Salt from salt water
 a. Heating to evaporate the water

 b. Salt from a mixture of iron and salt

 b. By adding water to dissolve the salt, and filter or decant to
separate the iron.

How Can The Following Components Of The

Following Mixtures Be Separated?
CHAPTER ONE
Part 1

Classifying Matter
Properties of Matter
 THE NATURE OF MATTER
Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.

The word matter comes from the Latin word materia,

meaning “material” or “stuff”

First we need to ask . . .

Examples
What is matter?
of Matter:
You can observe matter easily with your senses . . .
rocks, trees, bicycles, air . . . Basically everything
and anything!
The only thing that wouldn’t be matter would be
energy (sunlight, heat, electricity).
- no mass or volume so they can’t be matter!
 Elements, Molecules, and Compounds
Elements and compounds make up all the different kinds
of matter in the universe.

Elements are the simplest form of matter

Cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
Six elements
Examples make up 99% of all living matter!
of Elements:
 Each element is made of atoms of the same type.
• Sulfur • Nitrogen
gold has a unique
 Each  aluminum
set of physical and chemical
• Potassium • Carbon
 silverproperties.
 nitrogen
•Oxygen
117 known • Hydrogen
elements in the universe.
 oxygen  tin
 Approximately 92 are found naturally on Earth.
 hydrogen  calcium
Compounds, Molecules, and Elements
Compounds are two or more elements combined
chemically together.
 Properties are different from the properties of the
elements that make them up.
 Elements in a compound have a fixed ratio.

Example:
Most matter
H +in theO
Na Cluniverse
2 is in the
= Water
Salt
form of(chlorine)
(hydrogen)
(Sodium)
compounds!
(oxygen)
Explosive
Soft metal Explosive
Poisonous
explodes
gas in gas gas
greenish
H20
Molecules, Elements, and Compounds
When two or more atoms combine, they form a
molecule.
 Most molecules are made of two or more atoms
 A molecule is the smallest particle of a substance
with the same properties of the substance.

NOTE: Compounds are different

than molecules because
compound is used to
describe the substance in
general, while molecule
describes the smallest
particle of the substance.
Mixtures, Solutions, and Suspensions

A mixture is a combination of two or more

substances NOT combined chemically.

 May be a mixture of
both elements and
compounds
 Substances keep their
unique properties and
can be separated by
physical means.
Mixtures, Solutions, and Suspensions
There are two types of mixtures . . .

Heterogeneous – the parts of the

mixture are noticeably different
from one another.

Homogeneous – the parts (substances)

are evenly distributed. It is difficult to
tell one substance from another.
Solutions, and Suspensions and Colloids
A solution is a mixture that looks like a single
substance and has the same properties
throughout.

Solute ~ The substance that dissolves in a

solution.

Solvent ~ The substance into which the

solute dissolves.
Solutions, and Suspensions and Colloids
A colloid is a mixture that contains both small particles
in solution and larger particles in suspension.

• Colloids do not
separate into layers.
• Colloids, like
suspensions scatter
light.

Milk is an example of a colloid.

In a suspension components are

dispersed, but large enough to see and
settle out.
CHAPTER ONE
Part 2

Physical Properties
Properties of Matter
Physical Properties
Physical property is a property that can be
observed without changing the identity of the
substance.
Examples:  viscosity  melting point
 conductivity  boiling point
 malleability  density
 hardness  color
 magnetism
Examples of Physical Properties
Viscosity of a substance is
its resistance to flow.
Examples: water = low viscosity
honey = high viscosity

Conductivity is a material’s
ability to allow heat to flow.
Examples: metal = high conductivity
wood = poor conductivity
Examples of Physical Properties
Malleability of a substance is
its ability to be hammered into a
thin sheet

Melting and Boiling points are the

temperatures at which a solid becomes
a liquid and a liquid becomes a gas.

Density of a substance is the

ratio of its mass compared to its
volume.
Physical Properties to separate mixtures
Two common separation methods:
Filtration – process that
separates materials based
on the size of their
particles.

Distillation – process that

separates the substances
in a solution based on
their boiling points.
Physical Change
A change in the appearance, without changing
the composition of the material.

It is• aCan be reversible,

physical changeor irreversible
if . . .
• Substance may seem different, but the
It
 waychanges
Ordissolves.shape
the atoms
the link upor
substance is size
the same.
changes phase.
CHAPTER ONE
Part 3

Chemical Properties
Properties of Matter
Chemical Properties

Chemical property is any ability to produce a

change in the composition of matter.
Examples of chemical properties . . .

flammability reactivity
Material’s ability How readily a
to burn in the substance combines
presence of chemically with other
oxygen. substances.
Chemical Changes
Chemical changes occur when a substance
reacts and forms one or more new
substances.
You know a chemical change has occurred
when . . .

 A change in color.

 Production of a gas.

 Formation of a precipitate.
WHAT KIND OF CHANGE IS IT?

physical
WHAT KIND OF CHANGE IS IT?

chemical
WHAT KIND OF CHANGE IS IT?

physical
WHAT KIND OF CHANGE IS IT?

physical
WHAT KIND OF CHANGE IS IT?

chemical
WHAT KIND OF CHANGE IS IT?

physical