DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED

CHEMISTRY
PRESENTATION ON DRUGS
INTERACTION.
PRESENTED BY –
AKSHAY KUMAR(MSc 1st year)
 DRUGS
INTERACTION
A drug interaction is a situation in which a
substance (usually another drug) affects
the activity of a drug when both are
administered together. This action can be
synergistic (when the drug's effect is
increased) or antagonistic (when the drug's
effect is decreased) or a new effect can be
produced that neither produces on its own.
 TYPES OF DRUG
INTERACTION
Typically, interactions between drugs come to
mind (drug-drug interaction). However,
interactions may also exist between drugs
and foods is known as drug-food interactions,
as well as drugs and medicinal plants or herbs
is known as drug-plant interactions. So we can
classify them generally to:
• Drug-drug interaction
• Drug-food interaction
• Drug-plant interaction
DRUG-DRUG INTERACTION
 Types of drug-drug
interaction
1. PHARMACEUTICAL INTERACTIONS:
The word pharmaceutical indicates that this interaction has
to do with something in the manufacture or preparation of
medicine. Smetimes a situation comes, where a doctor is
adding some iv injection to a infusion bottle from which fluids
are flowing into a patient's vein. If, upon such addition,
precipitation happens then that precipitate may flow into the
patient's veins and that may cause embolism. Such a reaction
is called a pharmaceutical drug interaction. Example: If
sodium thiopentone and either vecuronium or pancuronium are
simultaneously administered they may form a white
precipitate which can flow into intravenous tubing. This
precipitate may cause a problem of embolism to the patient.
2. PHARMACOKINETIC INTERACTIONS:

• Modifications in the effect of a drug are

caused by differences in the absorption,
transport, distribution, metabolization or
excretion of one or both of the drugs compared
with the expected behaviour of each drug when
taken individually. These changes are basically
modifications in the concentration of the drugs.
In this respect two drugs can be homergic if
they have the same effect in the organism
and heterergic if their effects are different.
 TYPES OF
PHARMACOKINETIC
1.Absorption Interactios:These interaction takes
place during the absorbtion of drug in GI tract.
2.Transport And Distribution Interactions: The
main interaction mechanism is competition for
plasma protein transport. In these cases the drug
that arrives first binds with the plasma protein,
leaving the other drug dissolved in the plasma,
which modifies its concentration.
3. Metabolism interactions:Many drug
interactions result from the ability of one drug
to stimulate the metabolism of another by
increasing the activity of hepatic enzymes
involved in their metabolism (enzyme induction).
4. Excretion interactions:Only the free fraction
of a drug that is dissolved in the blood plasma
can be removed through the kidney. Therefore,
drugs that are tightly bound to proteins are not
available for renal excretion, as long as they are
not metabolized when they may be eliminated as
metabolites.
 PHARMACODYNAMIC
INTERACTIONS
• Are those in which the activity of the object drug at
its site of action is altered by the precipitant(other
drug).
• These are of two types:
• 1.direct pharmacodynamic interactions.
2.Indirect pharmacodynamic interactions.
• DIRECT PHARMACODYNAMIC INTERACTIONS:
• In which drugs having similar or opposing
pharmacological effects are used concurrently.
• The three consequences of direct interactions are:
• 1.Antagonism.
• 2.Addition or summation.
• 3.Synergism or potentiation
 Antagonism: The interacting drugs have opposing
actions Example: Acetylcholine and noradrenaline have
opposing effects on heart rate.
Addition or summation: The interacting drugs have
similar actions and the resultant effect is the some of
individual drug responses Example:CNS depressants like
sedatives and hypnotics,…etc
Synergism or potentiation: It is an enhancement of
action of one drug by another Example: Alcohol
enhances the analgesics activity of aspirin.
Indirect pharmacodynamic interaction:
In which both the object and the precipitant drugs have
unrelated effects.but the latter in Some way alerts the
effects but latter in some way alerts the effects of the
former.
Example: salicylates decrease the ability of the
platelets to aggregate thus impairing the Homeostasis if
warfarin indused bleeding occurs.
CONSEQUENCES OF DRUG INTERACTIONS:
• The consequences of drug interactions may be:
• Major: Life threatening.
• Moderate: Deteriotion of patients status.
• Minor: Little effect.
INFLUENCE OF SMOKING ON DRUG INTERACTIONS:
Smoking increases the activity of drug metabolizing
enzymes in the liver, With the result that certain
therapeutic agents.
• Example: Diazepam is metabolized more rapidly,and
their effect is decreased.
INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL ON DRUG INTERACTION:
Chronic use of alcohol beverages may increases the rate
of metabolism of drugs probably by increasing the
activity of hepatic enzymes.
• Acute use of alcohol by non alcoholic individuals may
cause an inhibition of hepatic enzymes.
• Use of alcoholic beverages with sedatives and other
depressants drugs could result in an excessive
depressant response.
INFLUENCE OF FOOD ON DRUG
INTERACTION:
Food effects the rate and extent of absorption of
drugs from the GI tract. Example: Many anti biotics
should be given atleast 1hr before or 2hr after
meals to achieve Optimal absorption.
• The type of food may be important with regard
to the absorption of concurrently administered
Drugs. Example: Dietary items such as milk and
other dairy products that contain calcium may
decrease . The absorption of tetracycline and
flouroquinolone derivatives.
• Diet also may influence urinary pH values.
Thank you