Batuan Metamorf

(MGD 421)

GDG 7

Program Studi Teknik Geologi

Fakultas Teknologi Kebumian dan Energi
Universitas Trisakti
2011
Materi GDG 7
 Pendahuluan
 PENGERTIAN GEOLOGI, Proses, Hukum
 BUMI SEBAGAI PLANET
 LITHOSFERA - MINERAL
 BATUAN : BT, BEKU
BT SEDIMEN
BT METAMORPF
 STRUKTUR GEOLOGI
 P E TA
 TEKNOLOGI KEBUMIAN
The Rock Cycle
Factors Controlling the Characteristics of
Metamorphic Rocks

 Composition of the Parent Rock

 Temperature
 Pressure
 Fluids
 Time
Classification of Metamorphic Rocks
Major Types of
Metamorphism
Contact Metamorphism
Regional Metamorphism
 Prograde: Increasing T & P
 Retrograde: Decreasing T & P
Shock Metamorphism
Batuan Metamorf
Batuan Metamorf
Foliasi
Non Foliasi
Plate Tectonics and Metamorphism
Hydrothermal Processes
 Hydrothermal Activity at Divergent Plate
Boundaries
 Metasomatism
 Hydrothermal Rocks and Minerals
 Sources of Water
Folded - Micas photomicrograph

2 cm
3.7 ByBP Amitsoq Gneiss
The Effect of Pressure

Pressure increases
with depth
Hydrostatic
Stress
Volume decreases
with depth s1 = s2 = s3
Normal vs. Shear Stress
Flattened Pebbles
Normal vs. Shear Stress: Fabric Development

Original Fabric
Fabric Terminology
 Metamorphic fabrics develop as a result of
differential (deviatoric) stress, i.e. stress is NOT
equal in all directions.
 Foliation - Development of a planar texture or
fabric within the rock.
 Lineation - Development of linear texture or
fabric within the rock.
 Slaty cleavage (pre-existing platy minerals aligned
during metamorphism).
 Schistose texture (platy or needle-shaped minerals
grow in response to differential stress.
Foliations and Lineations
Non-foliated rock - photomicrograph
Metamorphic Rock Classification
Foliated rock - photomicrograph
 Limestone -> Marble
Quartz sandstone -> Quartzite
Shale/Basalt -> Horfels
Marble - Metamorphosed Limestone
 Carrara Marble Quarry Michelangelo’s David

Image source: Ian Britton Image Source: The Digital Michelangelo P

Stirling Quartzite - 540 MyBP

Well preserved cross-bedding

http://digital-desert.com/death-valley-geology/stirling-quar
Horfels - Contact Metamorphic Rock

Photo credit: R. Welle

Slate Outcrop - Antarctica
Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
 Slate: contains clays and other sheet silicates
 Phyllite: dominated by muscovite mica
 Schist: contains biotite, muscovite, amphibole, and
garnet
 Gneiss: alternating layers of qtz/fsp and
biotite/amphibole
Slate hand specimen
Phyllite NB Crenulation cleavage
and silky luster
Garnet Mica Schist

Garnet
Mica
Gneiss

NB Banding: Qtz + Fsp & Ferromagnesian minerals

Crustal Metamorphism of Shale

Overburden
increases
with
depth!

~30 km
thick

~9 kbar
pressure
P-T-time Paths
Convergent Margin Metamorphism Animation
Basalt -> Granulite -> Eclogite Stability Fields

NaAlSi3O8 = NaAlSi2O6 + SiO2

albite jadeite qtz

BASALT ECLOGITE

CaAl2Si2O8 + 2(Mg,Fe)SiO3 = Ca(Mg,Fe)2Al2Si3O12 +

SiO2
anorthite opx garnet
 Basalt to Eclogite

Garnet + Pyroxene

Plagioclase + Pyroxene + Olivine

Photo credits: USGS, A. Alden, Union College

Regional Metamorphic Rocks - Summary
Shock Metamorphism
 Related to impacts of objects on planetary
surfaces (asteroids and meteorites).
 Deformation (metamorphism) is extremely
rapid and transient.
 Achieve much higher peak metamorphic
temperatures and pressures than commonly
observed in terrestrial environments.
 Products include impact breccias, melts
(tektites), and planer deformation features in
quartz and feldspar.
Meteor Crater, AZ
Canyon Diablo Iron Meteorite
Planetary Impact Structures

Apollo 11 Image: The Moon Galileo Image: Ganymede

From: http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/neo.h
Shock Metamorphism P/T Conditions
PDS in Shocked Quartz

Planar Deformation Structures

From: http://www.impact-structures.c
Plate Tectonics and Metamorphism
Hydrothermal Processes
 Hydrothermal Activity at Divergent Plate
Boundaries
 Metasomatism
 Hydrothermal Rocks and Minerals
 Sources of Water
Ridge Crest - Hydrothermal Metamorphism
Hydrothermal Metamorphism - Intrusions
Ore-bearing veins
 Bingham Canyon copper mine, UT

Pit is
800 m deep
4 km wide

Mining began in 1863

40,000 kg of TNT used
60,000 tons of ore removed

Disseminated ore deposit.

Only 0.6% copper by wt.
Since 1904, 12 x 106 tons
of Cu extracted.
Convergent Margin Hydrothermal Metamorphism
Hydrothermal Summary
http://www.volcanoworld.org/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Rocks/Rocks8.html
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