TEAM MEMBERS:

1.Satyam Pandey(1601001)
2.Abdul Aziz (1601002)
3.Arshad Hayat(1601003)
4.Prince Pal(1601004)
5.Shashank Kumar(1601005)
6.Satyam kr. Bhardwaj(1601006)
7.Vipul Vaibhav(1601007)
8.Deeksha Singh(1601008)
9.Mohit Jain(1601009)
10.Vickey Kr. Singh(1601010)
CONTENTS:
 Introduction(Natural & Artificial Photosynthesis)
 What is Natural Photosynthesis?
 What is Artificial Photosynthesis?
 Why Artificial photosynthesis?
 Use of Artificial Photosynthesis
 Ideas
 Disadvantage of Artificial Photosynthesis
 Further challenges
Natural photosynthesis
SOLAR ENERGY TO CHEMICAL ENERGY
 NATURAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• The different required things for natural
photosynthesis-
Reactions:
 Hydrogen Catalyst
2 e − + 2 H+ ↔
•The proton-to-hydrogen converting catalysts present in
nature are hydrogenases. These are enzymes that can H + + H− ↔ H
either reduce protons to molecular hydrogen or oxidize 2
hydrogen to protons and electrons.
Water oxidizing catalyst-
2 H2O → O2 + 4
In nature, the oxygen-evolving complex performs this H + + 4e−
reaction by accumulating reducing equivalents
(electrons) in a manganese-calcium cluster
within photosystem II (PS II), then delivering them to
water molecules, with the resulting production of
molecular oxygen and protons:
Photosensitizer-
•Nature uses pigments, mainly chlorophylls, to absorb a
broad part of the visible spectrum.
 Solar Energy to Chemical Energy: Artificial
Photosynthesis
•.

1) Light harvesting
2) Charge separation
3) Water splitting
4) Fuel production
How Artificial photosynthesis works:

 First way of achieving artificial photosynthesis is through the use

of nano particles.
 If we use light capturing titanium dioxide nanoparticles on any
surface it dramatically increases the surface area and therefore
the light capturing potential of the surface.
 If this titanium dioxide is coupled with a dye and then immersed
in an electrolyte solution with a platinum cathode, electrons are
excited to the extent they are displaced and produce a current.
 This current can then be used to split the water into its
molecular components, thereby storing the solar energy in
chemical bonds, particularly in the reduced form of hydrogen,
again in the presence on nanoparticles, more specifically iridium
oxide nanoparticles.
 In the final part of natural photosynthesis , carbon
dioxide is captured by the chemical ribulose biphosphate,
before undergoing the Calvin Cycle, eventually producing
one molecule of glucose.
 So, it is a matter of research to establish the most efficient
form of naturally occurring form of ribulose biphosphate in
order to make the process more efficient than the naturally
occurring photosynthesis.
 Another method involves use of giant parabolic mirrors
thar direct and concentrate sunlight onto two chambers
separated by a ring of cerium oxide.
 The energy from the sun heats this cerium oxide up to
15000c, which in turn releases an oxygen atom into one of
the chambers and is pumped away.
 The deoxidized cerium is then moved into the other
chamber, where carbon dioxide is pumped in, and the
deoxidized cerium steals one of the oxygen molecules,
creating carbon monoxide, and the more stable cerium
oxide, which can be reused in the reaction.
 A similar reaction is used to separate water into its
native elements, a hydrogen molecule and oxygen.
 Artificial photosynthesis
The term, artificial photosynthesis, is commonly used to refer to
any scheme for capturing and storing the energy from sunlight in
the chemical bonds of a fuel (a solar fuel).

•Some required things for artificial

photosynthesis-
Simple Artificial Photo catalyst
•There are some semiconductors that on illumination can
provide sufficient electrochemical potential to drive the water
oxidation and/or proton-reduction reactions without the
requirement of an electro catalyst .
•They include metal oxides (Cu2O, TiO2, Fe2O3, WO3, BiVO4),
metal sulfides (CdS, CdZnS) and chalcopyrite's (CuInS, CuGaS)
 Hybrid photo catalysts for water oxidation - photocatalyst
•A binuclear ruthenium complex (the blue dimer) was the first
example of a molecular catalyst that could electrochemically split
water into O2, protons and electrons
Hybrid photo catalysts for proton
reduction and hydrogen evolution-
•natural hydrogenate within a photo catalytic system
was demonstrated by Armstrong and co-workers
when they immobilized a [NiFeSe]-hydrogenate
from Desulfomicrobium baculatum on to the surface
of Ru-dye-sensitized TiO2 nanoparticles.

• This photo catalyst produced H2 when illuminated

with visible light in the presence of a sacrificial
electron donor. However, owing to the large
geometric size of hydrogenases, the level of loading
onto the semiconductor surface was low, thus limiting
the efficiency of this approach. Diagram of proton
reduction
They uses TiO2 because it has more
potential difference in comparison to WO3,
GaAs, Si, InP, GaP.
Why Artificial Photosynthesis?
 Demand for energy is projected to increase at least twofold
by mid-century relative to the present global consumption
because of predicted population and economic growth.
 Higher energy conversion efficiency.
 Increasing need of land mass for food production.
 to produce a fuel from sunlight that can be stored
conveniently and used when sunlight is not available.
 Due to the concentration of CO2 increases in the
environment day by day.
USES OF ARTIFICIAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS
1. The photosynthetic process could be tweaked so the reactions
between light, CO2 and H2O ultimately produce liquid
hydrogen. Liquid hydrogen can be used like gasoline in
hydrogen-powered engines.
2. The solar energy can be immediately converted and stored in
artificial photosynthesis unlike photovoltaic cells where
sunlight is converted into electricity and then converted again
into chemical energy for storage.
3. This type of photo electrochemical reaction could even remove
large amounts of harmful CO2 from the air.
4. Artificial photosynthesis aims to split water in oceans, and even
rivers into its hydrogen , oxygen, and carbon components.
5. Hydrogen produced via AP is readily usable in the fuel cells of
electric cars being manufactured now.
6. It can also be used to store solar energy.
Where to implement:
 With this idea we want to establish a lab in every
hospital where artificial photosynthesis can be done.
Because in hospitals there is large amount of oxygen is
required also the other by product that is glucose can
be used in the hospitals.
consequences:
 By doing this we can save So many life's. No one
can loose their life's .
 Also by doing this we can reduce the cost of
transportation.
 Not only in hospitals we can establish the lab on
that place where the oxygen is present in minimum
amount due to lesser no. of plants in that area.
 Another byproduct is formed in this process and
i.e. hydrogen which we can use it in another way
like fuel etc.
From where we get this idea:
 GORAKHPUR: Last year a large number of child deaths
occurred in a medical college of gorakhpur due to the oxygen supply.

 INDORE: 11 peoples died because the oxygen supply is

stopped mysteriously for 15 min

 New Delhi: The city magistrate and sub-divisional

magistrate of Farukhabad reported , that 49 children died over
30 days in the Ram Manohar Lohia District Hospital due to lack
of oxygen.
 DISADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
 Most of the results have been inefficient or
unsustainable.
 Since the reactions needs heat generated from the
sun for power, the technology is not able to be
used worldwide where there is scarce of sunlight
 It is a lot of trail and error
 Researchers are able to work artificial
photosynthesis on a small scale, however, for this
process to work properly, it must be able to be used
on a large scale
 The cost (catalysts required to split water, such as
platinum metal) are quite expensive.
Remaining Challenges
 Improve photo conversion efficiency by designing novel
nanomaterial's/nanostructures with high photon absorption efficiency,
high hot carrier generation efficiency, low hot carrier cooling rate, etc.

 Improve long-term operation stability of Nano electrodes.

 Decrease solar energy conversion cost by simplifying the fabrication

process and using cheaper/less nanomaterial's.

 Understand the fundamental science and provide guidelines to

facilitate the research and technological progress.