TYPES OF BUILDINGS

 Residential Buildings

 Educational/ Institutional
Buildings
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 Assembly Buildings

 Business/ Commercial
Buildings
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 Mercantile Buildings

 Industrial Buildings
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 Storage Buildings

 Hazardous Buildings
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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
 Strength

 Hardness

 Elasticity

 Plasticity

 Ductility

 Brittleness

 Stiffness

 Flexibility

 Toughness

 Abrasion Resistance
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1.STENGTH:- Ability of a material to withstand

applied load without failure or plastic deformation.
2. HARDNESS:- Resistance of a metal to
deformation by indentation.
3. PLASTICITY:- Non reversible change shape
under applied load.
4. ELASTICITY:- Ability to regain the initial form
and dimension after removing applied load.
5. DUCTILITY: Ability of a material to undergo
appreciable plastic deformation/elongation before
fracture.
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6. BRITTLENESS:- Tendency of a material to fracture

without undergoing significant plastic deformation.
7. STIFFNESS:- Ability of a Material to undergo low
displacement on application of force.
8. FLEXIBILITY:- . Ability of a Material to undergo
high displacement on application of force
9. TOUGHNESS :- It is a measure of the energy
absorbed before and during fracture.
10.ABRASION RESISTANCE:- Resistance of a material
surface from being worn away by friction or rubbing.
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 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
 Density

 Bulk Density
 Density Index

 Specific Weight

 Specific Gravity

 True Or Absolute Specific Gravity

 Apparent Or Mass Specific Gravity

 Porosity

 Void ratio

 Hydroscopicity
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 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
 Water Absorption
 Weathering Resistance

 Water Permeability

 Frost Resistance

 Heat Conductivity

 Thermal Capacity

 Fire Resistance

 Refactoriness

 Chemical Resistance

 Durability
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1) Density: Mass of unit Volume of a homogeneous material. ρ =

M/V g/cm3
2) Bulk Density: Mass of unit volume of a material in its natural
state (with voids) ρb = M/V kg/m3
3) Density Index: Degree to which volume of a material is filled
with solid matter. ρα = ρb /ρ
4) Specific Weight: Weight per unit volume of a material. γ = ρ*g
5) Specific Gravity: Ratio of weight/mass of a given volume of
solids to weight/mass of equal volume of water at 4 ˚ C. Gs =
γs/γw = ρs/ρw
6) True /Absolute Specific Gravity: Specific Gravity of a material
when permeable and impermeable voids are excluded while
determining volume of solids. G a =(ρs )a/ρw
7) Apparent/Mass Specific Gravity: Specific Gravity of a
materials when permeable and impermeable voids are included
while determining volume of solids. G m =ρ/ρw
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8) Porosity: Degree to which volume of a material is interspersed

with pores ɳ = Vv/V
9) Void Ratio: Ratio of volume of voids to volume of solids e =
Vv/Vs
10) Hygroscopicity: Property of material to absorb water vapour
from air.
11) Water Absorption: Ability of a material to absorb and retain
water. Ww = ((M1-M)/M)*100
12) Weathering Resistance: Ability to endure alternate wet and
dry conditions for long period of time without deformation or
loss of strength
13) Water Permeability: Capacity of a material to allow water to
penetrate under pressure.
14) Frost Resistance: Ability of a water saturated material to
endure repeated freezing and thawing cycles without
considerable decrease in strength.
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15) Heat Conductivity: Ability of a material to conduct heat.

16) Thermal Capacity: Property of a material to absorb heat
described as specific heat.
17) Fire Resistance: Ability of a material to resist the action
of high temperature without deformation of loss of
strength.
18) Refractoriness: Ability of a material to withstand
prolonged action of high temperatures without melting or
losing shape
19) Chemical Resistance: Ability of a material to withstand
action of acids, alkalis, sea water and gas.
20) Durability: Ability of material to resist the combined
effect of atmospheric and other factors.
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 Basic Requirement- Should be strong enough to

carry or support all types of loads
 Types of design loads for buildings and structures
as per Indian Standard IS: 875-1987 and
American Standard Code ASCE 7: Minimum
Design Loads for Buildings and Structures.
 Dead Loads
 Imposed/Live Loads
 Wind Loads
 Snow Loads
 Earthquake Loads
 Special Loads
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Dead Loads
 Permanent or stationary loads which are

transferred to the structure throughout its

lifespan.
 Vertical loads

 Due to self weight of structural members i.e.

 Walls
 Partitions
 Beams
 Floors
 Roofs
 Permanent Components of building like equipment
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Imposed/Live Loads
 Movable or moving loads without any acceleration or
impact
 Produced by occupancy, furniture, temporary storage
etc.
 Vertical loads

 Minimum Values for live loads to be assumed are given

in IS 875 (part 2)- 1987
 Code gives UDLs as well as Concentrated loads.
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Wind Loads
 Horizontal loads caused by the movement of air relative to
earth.
 Not critical for low rise building i.e. upto 5 stories.
 Calculation of wind load depends on velocity of wind and
size of building

 Details for calculating wind load, IS- 875 (part 3)- 1987.
 Vz = k1.k2.k3.Vb, where, k1= Risk coefficient, k2= Coefficient
based on terrain, height and structure size, k3= Topography
factor, Vb = Basic wind pressure shown on map of India
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Snow Loads
 Considered only in snow fall prone places

 Vertical loads

 IS 875 (part 4)– 1987 deals

with snow loads on buildings

 Minimum snow load on a roof

s = m. so
Where m = shape coefficient for type of roof under consideration, so =
ground snow load
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Earthquake Loads
 Vertical and Horizontal
forces on a building
 Total vibration resolved
in three mutually
perpendicular directions
two horizontal and
one vertical
 Response of structure to ground vibration is a
function of foundation soil, size, mode of
construction, duration & intensity.
 IS 1893 – 2014 gives details for calculations of
structures which standing on soils which will not
considerably settle or slide during earth quake.
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Other Loads
 According to clause 19.6 of IS 456 – 2000, the

following forces, affect safety and serviceability

 Foundation Movement (IS 1904)
 Elastic axial shortening
 Soil and Fluid Pressure (IS 875, Part 5)
 Vibration
 Fatigue
 Impact (IS 875, part 5)
 Erection Loads (See IS 875, Part 2)
 Stress concentration effect due to point load and
the like.