THE SOLAR SYSTEM

Group 3 :
Ayudatia Nurazizah
Irfan Hidayatullah
Melati Dea
Nurul Aini
Raka Bagus
9.2
 CONTENT
Your Ancient Ancestors’ Solar System
The newest theory
The Sun
The Eight Planets and The Moon
Comets
Asteroid
Meteoroid
Meteorite
Black Holes
Satellite
Space Craft
Some phenomenon in the solar system
Why is Pluto no longer as a Planet?
The Big Bang Theory
Sources
Your Ancient Ancestors’ Solar
System
Claudius Ptolemy
150 – Almagest
 Earth
Moon
Mercury
Venus
Sun
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn

Claudius Ptolemy’s
Nicholas Copernicus
1543 – On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres
 Earth
Moon
Mercury
Venus
Sun
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn

The first theory from

Nicholas Copernicus about
Solar System formation.
 Sun
Mercury
Venus
Earth / Moon
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn

The second theory from

Nicholas Copernicus about
Solar System formation.
William Herschel
1781 – Discovery of Uranus
Urbain Le Verrier & John Couch Adams
1846 – Prediction and discovery of Neptune
Clyde Tombaugh
1930 – Discovery of Pluto
 The previous theory about
formation of sun and planets
The newest theory
The 21st century formation
of the eight planets and
the moon.
The 21st Century Solar System
Sun
Rocky
Planets
Asteroid Belt
Giant
Planets
Kuiper Belt
Oort Cloud
The Sun

 75% hydrogen and 25% helium by mass

 Sun converts hydrogen to helium in its core
 Differential rotation
 equator the surface rotates once every 25.4 days
 near the poles it's as much as 36 days

 Core conditions
 temperature is 15.6 million Kelvin
 pressure is 250 billion atmospheres
 The Sun as a Star
1. The Similarity between the Sun and the Stars
A star is a celestial object which emits and radiates its
own light. The sun is one of the billions of stars.
Several similarities between the sun and the stars
are :
a. The sun and the stars emit and radiate their own
light.
b. The light energy produced by the sun and the
stars comes from the nuclear fusion occurring in
their cores.
2. The Radiation of The Sun’s Energy
a. The Distance between the Earth and the Sun
The average distance between the earth and the sun is estimated to be
about 150,000,000 km. The volume of the sun is 1.4x1018 km3 and its
mass is 1.99x1030 kg or 330,000 times of earth’s mass, and the destiny is
about 1.42 g/cm3.
b. Energy Formation in The Sun
How does the sun produce energy? A sequence of nuclear fusion
reaction occurs on the sun’s core. As the consequence if the reaction,
there will be a mass reduction because they are converted into energy.
Albert Einstein formulated the energy conversion by using the
following equation :
E = m c2
Note : E = energy (joule)
m = the amount of mass loss (kg)
c = the speed of light (3 x 108 m/s)
The energy is radiated to all direction equally, thus usually called a solar
energy radiation.
A spectroscope is used to find out the spectrum of the sun.
3. The structure of the sun
The sun is a flaming ball of gas which emits energy. The sun consists
of 3 layers, i.e. atmosphere, photosphere, and the sun’s core.
a. solar atmosphere
the solar atmosphere is the outer part of the sun. it consists of 2
layers; corona and chromospheres.
b. photosphere
the photosphere is a solar disk which covers the core of the sun its
color is yellow because it has a temperature range from 5,000 ̊C –
6,000 ̊C. the sunspots, granules and faculae are located on the
photosphere.
c. solar core
the core of the sun is located the inner part of the sun. its
temperature can reach 15,000,000 K. the space between the core
and the photosphere is divided into zones (not layer) i.e. the
convection zone and the radiation zone.
4. Solar activity
solar activity is the irregular movement of the
sun’s particle. The activity is caused by the
temperature differences on every layer of the
sun which causes disturbances on the sun.
some examples of solar activity are :
sunspots, granule, flare, promineces.
The Sun
The Eight Planets and The Moon
The planets revolve around the sun in an elliptical
orbit. The gravitational force between the sun and the
planets hold them in their orbit.
Due to its elliptical orbit, the distance of a planet to the
changes. The closest distance of a planet to the sun is
called perihelion, meanwhile the longest distance of a
planet to the sun is called aphelion.
There are two kinds of planets; Inferior Planets and
Superior Planets. The Inferior Planets are planets
which are located inside the earth’s orbit, those planets
are Mercury and Venus. The Superior Planets are
planets which are located outside the earth’s orbit,
those planets are Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and
Neptune.
Sizes of the Giant Planets and Earth
Mercury
Mercury is the innermost and smallest planet in the Solar
System, orbiting the Sun once every 87.969 days. The
orbit of Mercury has the highest eccentricity of all the
Solar System planets, and it has the smallest axial tilt.
It completes three rotations about the axis for every
two orbits. The perihelion of Mercury's orbit processes
around the Sun at an excess of 43 arc seconds per
century; a phenomenon that was explained in the 20th
century by Albert Einstein’s General Theory of
Relativity. Mercury is bright when viewed from Earth,
ranging from −2.3 to 5.7 in apparent magnitude, but is
not easily seen as its greatest angular separation from
the Sun is only 28.3°. Since Mercury is normally lost in
the glare of the Sun, unless there is a solar eclipse,
Mercury can only be viewed in morning or
evening twilight.
Mercury
Venus

This planet looks very bright because its

surface is covered by a thick atmosphere. Its
temperature at daytime can reach 500 degree
Celsius. Venus is usually called as the morning
star or the evening star because it’s shines as
brightly in the eastern the sunrise or in the
western sky during the sunset.
Venus
Earth

Earth is our home planet, the place where we

stand on and live. Earth has an atmosphere
which makes its temperature on its surface is
possible for the presence life.
Earth
The Shape and
Size of The Earth

in 1522 Magelan proved that the earth has rounded shape. If

we keep sailing in one direction, then we will return to the
initial place where we live.

the shape of the earth is not perfectly round, but it has an

oblate and bulge around the equator.
the earth diameter on the equator is 12,757 km, meanwhile
its diameter on the pole is 12,714 km.
the earth mass is is 5.98x1024 kg. the volume is about
1.08x1021 M3 . And the density of the earth is about 5.5 g/cm3
The Effect of the earth’s rotation

a. The sun and the other celestial objects appear to move

from the east to the west
b. There will be a time difference between the the places
with different longitude
c. The earth surface is divided by latitude( the horizontal

lines parallel to the equator) and longitude (the vertical

parallel to the meridian)
4 minutes = 1o longitude
60 minutes = 15 o longitude
The zero point of longitude passes through the Greenwich
Mean Time (GMT)
d. Changes between night and day
e. A bugle around the equator and an oblate around the poles
 The earth rotation is the rotary motion of earth around
its axis.
 It takes 24 hours to complete one rotation or 360
degree of longitude. It means that 1 degree of
longitude is reached in 4 minutes
Equations

Kepler’s Laws:

1: The orbit of a planet/comet about the Sun is an ellipse with the Sun's
center of mass at one focus

2: A line joining a planet/comet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal
intervals of time

3. The square of the periods of a planet is proportional to the cube of its

semimajor axes. 4 2
T 
2
r 3

GM total

Newton determined the constant of proportionality:

where:
T = planet's sidereal period
r = radius of the planet's circular orbit
m 3
G = the gravitational constant = 6 . 67 * 10  11

kg * s 2

M = mass of the sun

m1m2
F G
Weight Equation (remember that 1 lb = 4.45 N): d2
The Effect of The Earth’s
Revolution
The earth’s
revolution is the
movement of earth
around the sun.
When the earth
revolves, the earth
axis is not
perpendicular to
the plane of the
ecliptic, but it has
an axial tilt of
66.5o .The orbital
period of the earth
is 365 days or one
solar year.
 The Earth Has Four Different position on
its orbit
 On march 21st up to June 21st June
the sun is located exactly at the equator. All places in the earth have the same
length of daytime and nightfall. From march 21st to June 21st, the northern
hemisphere will be in spring, and the southern will be in autumn
 On June 21st up to 23rd September
the northern hemisphere is more exposed by the rays of the sun which is
apparently located at 23.5O north latitude. Southern hemisphere is in winter, and
northern hemisphere is in summer
 On September 23rd up to 21st December
both northern and southern hemisphere is far from the sun. The northern
hemisphere is in autumn. And the southern hemisphere is in spring
 On December 21st up to 21st March
southern hemisphere is in summer and northern hemisphere
The Apparent motion of The Sun
The Effects of The Earth’s
Revolution
 Changes in season
 Changes in the length of daytime
 The apparent motion of the sun’
 The appearance of different constellations
every months
International Calendar

 Based on the division of the lines longitude (west and

east longitude), the international Date Line is decided to
be at 180 degree of longitude. It seems that the date
jumps one day.
 The Solar Calendar or The Roman Calender
The earth’s rotation is taken as the reckoning base of the
solar calendar. The Roman determined that 1 year is
equal to 365 a quarter days. Julius Caesar added an extra
day on the month of the February every four years.
(1992, 1996, 2000,…)
The Moon as the Earth’s
Satellite
 The moon is very bright because it reflects
the incident sunlight upon it
 The distance from the moon to the earth is
384,403 km .
 The orbital period of the moon is 27.3 days
The Moon’s Face

The natural
phenomena
that occur on
the moon
are sea,
mountains,
valley (a
crack filled
with dust)
The Moon’s Phases
Moon’s phases:
 New moon
 Waxing crescent
 First quarter
 Waxing gibbous
 Full moon
 Warning gibbous
 Third quarter
 Warning crescent
New moon
Crescent moon
Gibbous moon
Full Moon
Lunar Calendar

The synodic of the moon is used a lunar

calendar. The number of days in each month
changes between 29 days and 30 days
 Muharam 30
Safar 29
Rabiulawal 30
Rabiulakhir 29
Jumadilawal 30
Jumadilakhir 29
Rajab 30
Syakban 29
Ramadhan 30
Syawal 29
Zulkaidah 30
Zulhijah 29
Mars

Mars has a rocky surface. It also has ice poles

and active volcanoes. The greatest volcano is
olympus mountain. It is predicted that there
are used to be a presence of life at mars.
Mars
Jupiter

Jupiter is the biggest planet in our solar system.

The diameter oh Jupiter is 11 times longer than
that the earth and its volume is 1,300 times
bigger than of that the earth. Its atmosphere
consist of hydrogen and helium. It also has
clouds made from ammonia and crystal of ice.
Jupiter
Jupiter’s Red Spot
Saturn

Saturn is the second biggest planet in our solar

system after Jupiter. It’s also covered by cloud
belts mainly composed of hydrogen. The
clouds belts are able to reflect the sunlight
very well. It has strong surface winds (500
m/sec). The temperature of Saturn surface is
about -170 degree Celsius. Saturn has multiple
rings comprise of crystal of ice with a width of
402,000 km and a thickness of 15 km.
Saturn
Uranus

Uranus was found by William Herschel in 1781.

This planet is covered by thick fog which is
mainly composed of methane gas. Its
diameter is about 4 times longer than the
earth diameter.
Uranus
Neptune

The condition of Neptune is almost the same

as the condition at Uranus. that is why these
planets are considered as twin planet. The
temperature at Neptune's surface can reach
-120 degree Celsius.
Neptune
Comets & Asteroids
 Comets
 A comet consists of a nucleus, a hydrogen
layer, and a tail.
 Small icy bodies.
 Travel past the Sun.
 When the icy materials in the comet
evaporate, it turns into gases and forms a
certain kind of atmosphere called the coma.
 Give off gas and dust as they pass by.
 The comet’s tail (in form of gas) always
points away from the sun due to the sun’s
radiation pressure.
 A comet is often called as a “star with hair”.
 The comets which are originated from the
Kuiper belt and Oort Could can have an
orbital period from 1 to 30 million years.
Comet
Schumacher-
Levy 9
Halley’
s Comet
ASTEROID

Asteroids, sometimes called minor planets or planetoids, are

small Solar System bodies in orbit around the Sun, especially in
the inner Solar System .
The biggest asteroid with a diameter of 1,000 km is called
Ceres.
Jearus asteroid was once approaching the earth’s orbit.
Meteoroid

A meteoroid is a sand- to boulder-sized particle of

debris in the Solar System. The visible path of a
meteoroid that enters Earth's (or another body's)
atmosphere is called a meteor, or colloquially a
shooting star or falling star. If a meteor reaches the
ground and survives impact, then it is called a
meteorite. Many meteors appearing seconds or
minutes apart are called a meteor shower. The
root word meteor comes from the Greek meteōros,
meaning "high in the air".
Meteoroid
Meteorite

A meteorite is a natural object originating in outer space

that survives impact with the Earth's surface. Most
meteorites derive from small astronomical objects called
meteoroids, but they are also sometimes produced by
impacts of asteroids. When it enters the atmosphere,
impact pressure causes the body to heat up and emit
light, thus forming a fireball, also known as a meteor or
shooting/falling star. The term bolide refers to either an
extraterrestrial body that collides with the Earth, or to an
exceptionally bright, fireball-like meteor regardless of
whether it ultimately impacts the surface.
Meteorite
Star Explosion
BLACK
HOLES
Black holes
 The gravity on neutron stars, white dwarfs and
black dwarfs is so strong that it crushes atoms,
so the matter in stars is millions of times denser
than anything on earth.
 A black hole is formed if enough of this dense
matter is left behind after a supernova
explosion then the gravitational field is so
strong that nothing can escape not even light.
 Scientists know they exist using x-rays
 The intense gravitational field left when a
giant star collapses.
Natural Resource Satellites

These types of satellites are made for:

 Finding the natural resources on the earth, in the
field of agriculture, fishery and mining.
 Mapping the shape of the earth’s surface.
 Geological mapping for developing the earthquake
early warning system.
 Some examples of a natural resource satellite are:
1. Landsat Satellite, which is launched on July 23rd,
1972.
2. USA’s Vanguard Satellite.
Communication Satellites
The communication satellite is used for the
telecommunication purpose. The satellite is used by
communication means, such as radio, telephone and TV.
A lot of important information can be broadcasted by
using the satellite. There are 2 types of communication
satellite, i.e.:
1. A passive reflector satellite, which has a function as a
reflector for the microwave signal from the earth.
2. A transmission satellite, which has a function to
amplify and reflect incoming signals from the earth.
Some example of a communication satellite are:
1. Palapa satellite, owned by Indonesia
2.Telstar, Early Bird, and Sinkron, owned by USA
3. Molniya, owned by Russia
Navigational Satellites
 The purpose of a navigational satellite is for the
navigation system on a flight or sea
transportation system. The navigation system is
very useful for finding direction, especially in a
bad weather. The example of a navigation al
satellite is the US’s Transit, which is launched on
April 13th, 1960.
Meteorological Satellites
The purpose of a meteorological satellite is to
obtain the information about weather, climate,
season, wind, cloud, and temperature. Some
examples of a meteorological satellite are:
1. Tiros 1, launched on April 1st 1960 by the US.
2. Nimbus 1, launched on August 12th, 1964 by the
US.
3. Nimbus 6, launched on June 12th, 1975 by the US.
4. Goes, launched on April 13th, 1994 by the US and
used for everyday weather forecast.
Military Satellites
This type of satellite is used for military
purpose and espionage. Some examples of
military satellite are Midas, Samos, and
Cosmos, owned by US.
Research Satellites
Research Satellite is used for observing the
sun, planets, stars, comets, and the other
celestial object. Some examples of a research
satellite are the Explorer, Pegasus, Vanguard
and Pioneer which belong to the US.
 Moon Landing Mission

The moon is the closest and the most interesting

celestial object. Men have been trying to land
their astronaut in the moon. The moon landing
mission has been performed in three stages:
a. Mercury Project
b. Gemini Project
c. Apollo Project
 The United States space agency NASA achieved
the first manned landing on Earth's Moon as part
of the Apollo 11 mission commanded by Neil
Armstrong. On July 20, 1969, lunar module Eagle
landed on the surface of the Moon, carrying Neil
Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin. Armstrong was the
first human to set foot on the Moon and Aldrin
the second. Michael Collins orbited above.
Armstrong and Aldrin spent a day on the surface
of the Moon before returning to Earth.
Before the successful landing of Apollo 11,
actually the Soviet Union had successfully
launched a man to the space. Yuri Gagarin
from the U.S.S.R was the first man who
orbited the earth in 1961, followed by
Valentina Tereshkova who became the
first woman who orbited the earth in 1963.
 Spacecraft

• Because rocket is not reusable after its launch, thus a

plane is made to take back the astronaut after he
accomplished his mission. The plane is called the
spacecraft.
The missions of a spacecraft are:
a. Releasing the satellites
b. Repairing the satellites
c. Doing a research program
d. Taking humans and their equipments to the space
station at the orbit and bringing them back home.
Spacecr Launching Landing Date Flight Astronauts
aft Date Duration
Apollo XI June 16th, 1969 July 20th, 1969 195 hours Neil Armstrong, Edwin
Aldrin Jr., Michael Collins
Apollo November November 18th, 244,6 hours Charles Conrad Jr., Richard
XII 14th, 1969 1969 Gordon, Alan L. Bean

Apollo April 11th, 1970 Cancelled due 142,9 hours James Lovell Jr., Fred
XIII to the leakage Haise Jr., John Switgait Jr.
of oxygen tank
in the
supporting
module

Apollo January 31st February 5th, 216,7 hours Alan Shepard Jr., Stuart
XIV 1971 1971 Roosa, Elgard Mitchell
Apollo July 26th, 1971 July 30th, 1971 295,2 hours David Scott, James B.
XV Irwin, Alfred Wolden
Apollo April 16th 1972 April 20th 1972 319,8 hours John Joung, Charles M.
XVI Duke Jr., Thoa Mattingly
Apollo December 7th December 11th 301.8 hours Eugen Cernan, Harrison
XVII 1972 1972 Schmidt, Ronald Evans
Shuttle Launch
Some phenomenon in the solar
system
Solar eclipse
Types of solar eclipses:

 A total eclipse occurs when the Sun is completely

obscured by the Moon. The intensely bright disk of the
Sun is replaced by the dark silhouette of the Moon, and
the much fainter corona is visible. During any one eclipse,
totality is visible only from at most a narrow track on the
surface of the Earth.
 An annular eclipse occurs when the Sun and Moon are exactly in
line, but the apparent size of the Moon is smaller than that of the Sun.
Hence the Sun appears as a very bright ring, or annulus, surrounding the
outline of the Moon.
 A hybrid eclipse (also called annular/total eclipse)
transitions between a total and annular eclipse. At some
points on the surface of the Earth it is visible as a total
eclipse, whereas at others it is annular. Hybrid eclipses are
comparatively rare.
 A partial eclipse occurs when the Sun and Moon are not exactly in
line and the Moon only partially obscures the Sun. This phenomenon can
usually be seen from a large part of the Earth outside of the track of an
annular or total eclipse. However, some eclipses can only be seen as a
partial eclipse, because the umbra never intersects the Earth's surface,
passing above the Earth's polar regions.
Lunar Eclipse

 A lunar eclipse occurs when the moon passes

behind the earth such that the earth blocks
and the sun’s rays from the striking the moon.
This can occur only when the sun, earth and
moon are aligned exactly, or very closely so,
with the earth in the middle. Hence, there is
always a full moon the night of a lunar
eclipse.
Lunar Eclipse
Ocean Tide

 Tides are the raise and fall of sea levels

caused by combined effect of the rotation of
the earth and the gravitational forces exerted
by the moon and the sun. The tides occur
with a period of approximately 12 and half
hours
 The bay of Fundy at high tide The bay of Fundy at low tide
 The Spring Tide
 Spring Tide occur around the full moon and a new moon,
when the sun, the earth, and the moon are in the straight
line. Because the earth’s gravity and the moon’s gravity work
an opposite direction, then its result ocean tide.
 Neap Tide
The neap tide is the minimum tide range
which occurs in the first or third quarter of the
moon, when the sun’s gravity and the moon’s
gravity are perpendicular
Do you know?

Why is Pluto no longer

as a Planet?
Pluto
KBOs (Kuiper Belt Objects)

 Large searches for KBOs ensued

 Hundreds discovered within a decade
 Over 1200 discovered so far
 Over 70,000 predicted
 diameters > 100 km
 orbits 30-50 AU
Pluto Defenders

 Pluto is different from the KBOs

 Pluto is bigger than the KBOs
 Pluto has a moon, Charon
KBOs Size Comparison
Pluto vs the Kuiper Belt

 Orbit similar to KBOs

 Size similar to KBOs
 KBO companions common
 Composition similar to KBOs

So, Pluto is not a planet, it is a dwarf planet in

KBOs.
 IAU Definition – August 2006
 IAU defines “planet”
1. Orbits the Sun
2. Upper mass limit
 not massive enough to produce fusion
 Deuterium fusion occurs at about 15x Jupiter’s mass
3. Lower mass limit
 Massive enough for gravity to make it spherical
 About 500 miles in diameter
4. Dominates its orbit
 Dwarf planets meet 1, 2, 3, but not 4
The Big Bang

The Universe started

about 14 billion years
ago, in an event called
the Big Bang. The Big
Bang was not an
event: space and time
were created at that
moment. The Universe
originally was
infinitely hot and
dense. Since then, the
Universe has grown
and cooled.
Sources : www.wikipedia.org ,
www.google.com , www.thefreelibrary.com ,
Fokus Fisika (Erlangga), Physics for Junior
High School (Yudhistira).
Thank you for your kind
attention.