Newborn
The basal layer of the epidermis becomes the stratum germinativum which
produces new cells that are displaced into the layers superficial to it.
Replacement of peridermal cells continues until about the 21 week, after that, the
periderm disappears and the stratum corneum forms.
Proliferation of stratum germinativum
cells form epidermal ridges which
extend into the developing dermis.
Dermatoglyphics:
The melanocytes begin producing melanin before birth. The relative content of melanin in
the melanocytes accounts for different colors of skin.
Thin skin covers most of the body. It contains hair follicles; arrector pilli muscles of hairs;
sebaceous glands and sweat glands.
Thick skin covers the palm and soles. It has only sweat glands.
Dermis
Most of the mesenchyme that differentiates into the
connective tissue of the dermis originates from the
somatic layer of the lateral mesoderm. Some of it is
derived from the dermatomes of the somites.
Toenails and figernails begin to develop at the tips of the digits at about 10 weeks.
Development of the fingernails precedes the toenails by about 4 weeks.
The primordia of nails appear as thickened areas of epidermis at the tip of each digit.
The nail fields are surrounded laterally and proximally by folds of epidermis ( nail folds ).
Cells from the proximal nail fold grow over the nail field and become keratinized to form the
nail plate.
At first the nails are covered by eponychium ( superficial layer of epidermis ). This
degenerates except at the base where cuticl is formed.
The skin under the free margin of the nails is the hyponychium.
The fingernails reach the fingertips by about 32 weeks.
The toenails reach the toetips by about 36 weeks.
Nails that have not reached the tips of the digits at birth indicate prematurity.
Mammary Glands
They are modified and specialized type of sweat glands. The mammary crests
appear during the 4th week. These crests are thickened strips of ectoderm,
extending from the axillary to inguinal regions. It persists only in the pectoral
region.
Mammary buds begin to develop during 6th week as solid downgrowths of the
epidermis into the underlying mesenchyme. The mesenchyme is an inductive for
this. Each primary bud gives rise to several secondary buds that develop into
lactiferous ducts and their branches.
Canalization of these buds is induced by placental sex hormones. By full term, 15 to 20
lactiferous ducts are formed. The fibrous connective tissue and fat develop from the
surrounding mesenchyme.
During late fetal period the epidermis at the site of origin of the mammary gland becomes
depressed forming a shallow mammary pit. In newborn infants the nipple is depressed. After
birth the nipples rise from the mammary pits due to proliferation of the surrounding
connective tissue of the areola.
The smooth muscle fibers of the nipple and areola differentiate from surrounding
mesenchymal cells. Full development occurs at about 20 years.
The mammary glands develop similarly in
both sexes. Some secretion ( witch’s
milk) may be produced. These occur by
maternal hormones passing through the
placental membrane into fetal circulation.
Only the main lactiferous ducts are
formed at birth and it underdeveloped
until puberty.
In female, the breasts enlarge due to
development of the mammary glands and
the accumulation of fat associated with
them.
Growth of the duct system occurs
because of the raised levels of circulating
estrogens, prolactin, corticoids and
growth hormone.
If pregnancy occurs, the mammary
glands complete their development. The
intralobular ducts undergo rapid
development forming buds that become
alveoli.
Supernumerary Breast and
Nipples
An extra breast ( polymastia ) or nipple
( polythelia ) occurs in about 1 % of
female population and is an inheritable
condition.
They usually develops just inferior to the
normal breast.
They less commonly appear in the
axillary or abdominal regions of females.
They develop from extra mammary buds
that develop along the mammary crests.
They become obvious in pregnant
women.
Polythelia are common in males, they are
mastaken for moles.
About one third of affected persons have
2 extra nipples or breast.
Polymastia very rarely occurs in a
location other than along the course of
the mammary crest. It develops from
tissue that was displaced from these
crests.
Inverted Nipple
The nipple fail to elevated above the skin surface. It
makes breast feeding of an infant difficult. Special
exercise can be used to prepare the nipple for feeding
an infant.
Gynecomastia
The myogenic precursor cells in the limb buds originate from the ventral dermomyotome of
the somites which are epithelial in nature, in response to molecular signals from nearby
tissues. Molecular signals from the neural tube and notochord induce Pax-3 and Myf- 5 in
the somites. These cells migrate into the limb buds where they undergo
epitheliomesenchymal trasformation.
The first indication of myogenesis (muscle formation ) is elongation of the nuclei and cell
bodies of mesenchymal cells as they differentiate into myoblasts. These primordial muscle
cells fuse to form elongated; multinucleated and cylindrical myotubes.
Skeletal muscle growth during development results from the ongoing fusion of myoblasts
and myotubes. So, the striated skeletal muscle fibers are developed by fusion of cells.
Myotomes
The cervical myotomes form the scalene; prevertebral; geniohyoid and infrahyoid muscles.
The thoracic myotomes form the lateral and ventral flexor muscles of the vertebral column.
The lumbar myotomes form the quadratus lumborum muscle.
The sacrococcygeal myotomes form the muscles of the pelvic diaphragm and the striated
muscles of the anus and sex organs.
They form the extensor muscles of the neck and vertebral column.
The embryonic extensor muscles derived from the sacral and coccygeal myotomes
degenerate. Their adult derivatives are the dorsal sacrococcygeal ligaments.
Ocular Muscles
Their origin is unclear. They may be derived from mesenchymal cells near the
prechordal plate.
Groups of myoblasts each supplied by its own nerve ( 3rd ; 4th and the 6th ) form
the extrinsic muscles of the eye.
Cardiac Muscle
It develops from the lateral splanchnic mesoderm which gives rise to the
mesenchyme surrounding the developing heart tube.
Late in the embryonic period, special bundles of muscle cells develop with few
myofibrils and larger diameters than typical cardiac muscle fibers. These atypical
cardiac muscle cells are called Purkinje fibers which form the conducting system
of the heart.
Smooth Muscles
They differentiate from splanchnic mesenchyme surrounding the endoderm of the
primordial gut and its derivatives.
The smooth muscles in the walls of many blood and lymphatic vessels arises
from somatic mesoderm.
The muscles of the iris ( sphincter and dilator pupillae ) and the myoepithelial
cells in mammary and sweat glands are derived from mesenchymal cells that
originate from ectoderm.
The first sign of differentiation of smooth muscle is the development of elongated
nuclei in spindle- shaped myoblasts.