UNIT 2

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
 INTRODUCTION
• When digital data is transmitted directly or
modulates some carrier called as digital
communication.
Advantages of digital communication

• Better noise immunity

• More flexible and adaptable
• Multiplexing and processing easier
• Error correction and decoding becomes
more effective.
 TYPES
• Digital transmission digital data
transmitted directly without modulation
• Digital radio digital data modulates some
carrier ( high frequency ).
Bit rate
• Number of bits transmitted in one seconds.
Symbol rate
• ‘N’ number of successive bits are combined
to form a symbol.
• Symbol rate = bit rate / N.
Baud rate
• Rate of change of signal on transmission
medium after encoding and modulation
have occurred.
Block diagram of a digital communication system
SOURCE CODING
In digital communication we convert the
signal from source into digital signal
CHANNEL CODING
some redundancy in the binary information
sequence that can be used at the receiver to
overcome the effects of noise and
interference encountered in the
transmission on the signal through the
channel.
CHANNEL DECODER
• To reconstruct the original information
sequence from the knowledge of the code used
by the channel encoder and the redundancy
contained in the received data
SOURCE DECODER
• If an analog signal is desired then source
decoder tries to decode the sequence from the
knowledge of the encoding algorithm. And
which results in the approximate replica of the
input at the transmitter end
•When digital data is transmitted directly or modulates some carrier called
as digital communication.
•Types (i) Digital transmission digital data transmitted directly without
modulation (ii) Digital radio digital data modulates some carrier (high
frequency).
•Bit rate (bits per second (bps)) Number of bits transmitted in one seconds.
•Symbol rate ‘N’ numbers of successive bits are combined to form a
symbol.
•Symbol rate = bit rate / N.
•Baud rate (bits per second) Rate of change of signal on transmission
medium after encoding and modulation have occurred.
•Bit rate is same as baud rate.
•Information capacity (bits per second) It is an ability of the system to
carry number of independent symbols in a given unit of time.
Shannon limit for information capacity

Definition of information capacity

•It is an ability of the system to carry number of

independent symbols in a given unit of time.
•It is expressed in bits per second.

Shannon limit
The capacity of a white band limited Gaussian channel is
given as

C  channel capacity
B  channel bandwidth
S / N  signal to noise power
Unipolar

Polar NRZ

Polar RZ
Polar manchester
& differential
manchester

Bipolar
1. Keying is a family of modulation forms where the modulating signal takes

one of two (or more) values at all times.

2. The goal of keying is to transmit a digital signal over an analogue channel.

Amplitude Shift Keying (or) Digital amplitude modulation (or) ON – OFF keying

• The simplest digital modulation techniques is Amplitude

Shift Keying (ASK), where a binary information signal
directly modulates the amplitude of an analog carrier.
• ASK is similar to standard amplitude modulation except
there are only two output amplitudes possible.
• ASK is sometimes called digital amplitude modulation
(DAM).
Mathematically, ASK is
v(ask)(t) = [1+vm(t)][A/2 cos (ωct)] -----------(1)
v(ask)(t) = ASK wave
vm(t) = digital information (modulating) signal (volts)
A/2 = unmodulatd carrier amplitude (volts)
ωc = analog carrier radian frequency(radian per second,
2fct)
• In equ.(1),the modulating signal (vm(t)) is a normalized
binary waveform, where +1V = logic 1and -1 V =logic
0.therefore ,
For a logic 1 input, vm(t) = +1 V ,Equ.(1) reduces to
v(ask)(t) = [1+1][A/2 cos (ωct)] = A cos (ωct)
For a logic 0 input , vm(t) = -1 V ,Equ.(1) reduces to
v(ask)(t) = [1-1][A/2 cos (ωct)]= 0
=Thus, the modulated wave v(ask)(t),is either A cos (ωct) or
0.hence, the carrier is either ‘on’or ‘off’, which why ASK is
sometimes referred to as on-off keying(OOK).
• From the figure, it can be seen that for every change in the input binary data
stream, there is one change in the ASK waveform, and the time of one bit
(tb) equals the time of one analog signaling element (ts).
• The bit time is the reciprocal of the bit rate and the time of one signaling
element is the reciprocal of the baud.
• Therefore, the rate of change of the ASK waveform (baud) is the same as the
rate of change of the binary input (bps); thus, the bit rate equals the baud.
• With ASK, the bit rate is also equal to the minimum Nyquist bandwidth.
B = fb / 1 = fb baud = fb/1 = fb
 Phase shift keying (or) phase reversal
keying (or) biphase modulation

Binary symbol (0 or 1) modulates the phase of the

carrier.
Let the carrier be
s(t) = A cos 2f0t
A  peak value of sinusoidal carrier.
In the standard 1 load resistor, the power
dissipated will be
P = 1 / 2 A2
A=P
When the symbol is changed , the phase of the
carrier changed by 180 ( radians)
Symbol 1  s (t) = 2P cos 2f0 t -- (1)
Symbol 0 s(t) =  2P cos (2f0 t + ) -- (2)
cos (2f0 t +  ) = -cos
(2) s(t) = - 2P cos 2f0t
PSK signal s (t) = b(t)  2P cos 2f0 t
 constellation diagram
1. A constellation diagram is a
representation of a signal modulated by a
digital modulation scheme
2. It represents the possible symbols that may
be selected by a given modulation scheme
as points in the complex plane.
3. constellation diagrams can be used to
recognize the type of interference and
distortion in a signal.
 degree 90º

Logic 0
Logic 1
Amplitude(-v)
Amplitude (+v)
180º
0º

270º
 Binary Phase shift keying

1. Binary symbol (0 or 1 ) modulates the phase of

the carrier.
2. Phase Reversal keying (or) Biphase
modulation.
BPSK
MODULATION FLOW
TRANSMITTER
 Input message (text
audio video, etc)

A/D Convertor
Binary
data
Encoding
Level
conversion0/1
to +v / -v

Logic 0(-v) Logic 1(+v)

Logic
Balanced 0(-v) Balanced carrier
modulator 1(+v) modulator
?

carrier

Modulated
output
SINE WAVE 0⁰ PHASE SHIFT

SINE WAVE 180⁰ PHASE SHIFT

180 º 0º 180 º
PHAS PHAS PHAS
E E E
SHIFT SHIFT SHIFT
1. N =1 ,M = 2
N  number of bits encoded
M  number of discrete signals.
2. Two phases (21 = 2) are possible for the
carrier
3. One phase  logic 1
4. Another phase  logic 0
5. As input changes state (0 to 1 (or) 1 to 0) , the
phase of the output carrier shift between two
angles that are separated by 180◦.
6. It is a form of square wave modulation of
continuous wave signal.
 BPSK Transmitter
Binary data
+v to -v
(0 to +v)

Level
Balanced
converter (UP Band Pass Filter
modulator
to BP)

Modulated PSk
sin c t
output

Buffer

sin c t

Reference carrier
oscillator
1. Balanced modulator acts as phase
reversing switch.
2. Depending on the logic condition of digital
input, the carrier is transferred to the
output either in phase or 180 0 out of phase
with the reference carrier oscillator.
 Internal structure balanced ring
modulator
1. The balanced modulator
has two inputs.
2. Carrier that is in phase
with reference oscillator
Binary digital data Modulated
PSK output
3. For the balanced
modulator to operate
properly the digital input
voltage greater than the
peak carrier voltage.
4. Digital input control the
ON/ OFF state of diode
D1 to D4.
Binary data in
Condition 1 :Binary input ‘1’

1. Diode D1 and D2  forward bias (ON).

2. Diode D3 and D4  reverse bias (OFF).
3. With the polarities shown, the carrier
voltage is developed across transformer
T2 inphase with the carrier voltage
across T1.
4. Output signal is inphase with the reference
oscillator.
Condition 2 :Binary input ‘0’

1. Diode D1 and D2  reverse bias (OFF).

2. Diode D3 and D4  forward bias (ON).
3. With the polarities shown, the carrier
voltage is developed across transformer
T2 180◦out of phase with the carrier
voltage across T1.
4. Output signal is 180◦out of phase with the
reference oscillator.
TRUTH TABLE

cos ωct
PHASOR DIAGRAM +90⁰

180⁰ 0⁰
Logic 0 Logic 1

-sin ωct sin ωct

-90⁰

-cos ωct
CONSTELLATION DIAGRAM

+90⁰

180⁰ 0⁰
Logic 0 Logic 1

-90⁰
 Bandwidth consideration BPSK

1. Baud rate = bps (bit rate )

2. The fundamental frequency (fa) of an
alternative sequence = one half of bit
rate (fb / 2).
3. Widest bandwidth occurs when the binary
input data are an alternating input
sequence.
The output (BPSK modulator) proportional to
BPSK output = [sin (2fat)]  [sin (2fct)]
fa maximum fundamental frequency of
binary input (Hz)
fc reference carrier frequency (Hz)
product of two sine functions
½ cos [2(fc - fa) t] - ½ cos [2(fc + fa) t]
Minimum double side nyquist bandwidth (B)
fc + fa
Bandwidth B =( fc + fa ) -(fc - fa)

= 2 fa
wkt fa= fb / 2 fb bit rate
B = 2 (fb / 2)
Bandwidth B = fb

1. Time of one BPSK signaling element (ts) =

time of one information bit (tb) .
2. Indicates bit rate = baud rate
Demodulation flow
receiver
 Modulated output

Carrier recovery

Ref Balanced
Carrier modulator

Clock
clock recovery
Modulated
Level signal
conversion
+/- v to 0/1 Decoding

Binary data D /A conversion

message signal
 BPSK receiver

BPSK Balanced
BPF LPF Level converter
input modulator
± sinct
UP binary
sinct data
output
Coherent Clock
carrier recovery
recovery
1. Coherent carrier recovery circuit detects and
regenerate the carrier that is both frequency
and phase coherent with original transmit
signal carrier.
2. The balanced modulator, the output is the
product of the two inputs (the BPSK and
recovered carrier).
3. The low pass filter (LPF) separates the
recovered binary data from the complex
demodulated signal.
For BPSK signal + sinct (logic 1) , the output of
balanced modulator
(sinct)(sinct) = sin2ct
Or
sin2ct = ½ (1- cos 2ct)
= ½ - ½ cos 2ct
½ cos 2ct filtered by using low pass filter (<2c).

1. Output of the balanced modulator contains a +ve

voltage (+ ½ ) and cosine wave at twice the carrier
frequency (2c).
2. A positive component (voltage) represent a
demodulated logic 1
For a BPSK input signal - sinct (logic 0) , the output of
balanced modulator
(-sinct)(sinct) = - sin2ct
sin2ct = - ½ (1-cos 2ct)
= - ½ + ½ cos 2ct½ cos
2ct filtered by using low pass filter (<2c).

1. The output of balanced modulator contains -ve

voltage (- ½ ) and cosine wave at twice the carrier
frequency (2c).
2. A negative voltage represents a demodulated logic
0.
 Probability of error

• The general expression for the bit error

probability of an M-phase PSK system
 Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (Or) Quadrature
PSK (Or) Constant Amplitude Digital Modulation
• QPSK is an M ary encoding scheme where N=2 and M
=4
• Four phases (o/p) are possible for a single carrier
frequency.
• Four o/p phases  four i/p conditions
• Product modulator requires more than single i/p bit
to determine the o/p condition .
• Four possible conditions : 00,01,10,11
• The binary i/p data are combined into group of two
bits called dibits.
• In the modulator, each dibit code generates
one of the four possible o/p phases (+45,
+135, -45 , -135).
• For each two dibit clocked into the
modulator single o/p change occurs.
• Baud rate = ½ bit i/p rate (two i/p bit
produce one o/p phase change).
 QPSK transmitter

• Two bits (dibit) are clocked into the bit

splitter.
• Serially inputted simultaneously parallel
outputted
• One bit to I channel ; other bit to Q channel
• The I bit modulates a carrier that is inphase
with the reference oscillator.
• The Qbit modulates a carrier that is 90 out
of phase with the reference oscillator.
 The operation of QPSK same as BPSK i.e two
BPSK modulator combined in parallel.
Logic 1 = +ve Logic 0 = -ve
I + sinct - sinct
Q +cosct - cosct
• Linear summer o/p = +sinct +cosct, + sinct -
cosct, -sinct + cosct &-sinct - cosct.
• Each of the four possible o/p phasors has exactly the
same amplitude.
• Binary information must be encoded entirely in the
phase of the o/p signal.
Binary i/p QPSK o/p phase
Q I
0 0 -135
0 1 - 45
1 0 + 135
1 1 + 45
Phasor diagram
Constellation diagram
• Bandwidth consideration of QPSK fundamental
frequency
• Bit rate (I or Q) equal to i/p data rate (fb / 2). fa=fb/2
• Highest fundamental frequency present at the data i/p to I
or Q = ¼ of data rate .
• Twice (I & Q) fb/ 4 = fb / 2 (nyquist BW).
• Bandwidth compression is realized in QPSK (min BW <
incoming bit rate).
• QPSK o/p signal does not change phase until two bits have
been clocked into bit splitter.
• o/p rate (baud) = ¼ of i/p bit rate.
Balanced modulator
Output = (sin ωat)( sin ωct) ω 2Пfa
a =
fa = fb / 4
ωat= 2Пfb/4{modulatingsignal}
ωat=2Пfc{carrier}
Thus,
Output = (sin 2Пfb/4 t)( sin 2Пfc t)
½ cos 2П(fc -fb/4) t - ½ cos 2П(fc +fb/4) t
The output frequency spectrum extends from fc
+fb/4 to fc -fb/4, and the minimum bandwidth
(fN) is
(fc +fb/4) –( fc -fb/4) = 2 fb/4 = fb/2
QPSK receiver
• The power splitter directs the i/p QPSK signal to
the I & Q product detectors and carrier recovery
circuit.
• Carrier recovery circuit recover / reproduce the
original transmit carrier.
• QPSK signal is demodulated in I& Q product
detector generate original I & Q data.
• Product detectors (o/p)  converted parallel I&
Q data channels to a single binary o/p data
stream.
• Four possible o/p phases (+45, +135, -45 , -
135).
I product detector
• The received QPSK signal (-sinct+ cosct) is
one of the input to the I product detector other
i/p (recovered carrier ) sinct.
I = (-sinct+ cosct)( sinct)
= (-sinct) ( sinct)+ (cosct)( sinct)
= - sin2ct + (cosct)( sinct)
= -½ (1- cos2ct) + ½ sin (c + c)t + ½ sin (c -
c)t
= -½ +½ cos2ct + ½ sin 2ct + ½ sin 0
Filtered out equals 0
= -½ v (logic 0)
Q product detector
• Again, the receive QPSK signal is one of the input
to the Q product detector .the other input is
recovered carrier shifted 90 in phase.
I = (-sinct + cosct)( cosct)
QPSK signal carrier
= cos2ct - (sinct)( cosct)
= ½ (1- cos2ct) - ½ sin (c + c)t - ½ sin (c -
c)t
= ½ +½ cos2ct - ½ sin 2ct - ½ sin 0
Filtered out equals 0
= ½ v (logic 1)
 Offset QPSK (or) offset keyed
QPSK
• The bit waveforms on the I& Q channel are
offset / shifted inphase from each other by one
half of a bit time.
• There is never more than 90 shift in o/p
phase.
• In QPSK, change in i/p dibit from 00 to 11 or
01 to 10 cause 180 shift.
• Adv: limited phase shift.
• Disadv: data rate twice (o/p). Bandwidth &
baud rate high twice than QPSK.
 8 PSK

• N = 3 ; M = 2n = 23 = 8 (possible o/p phases)

group of three bits tribits
 8 PSK transmitter
• Incoming serial bit stream enters the bit splitter
converted to a parallel.
• Bit rate (three channel ) = fb / 3
• Bit I & C to I channel , Bit Q & C bar to Q channel.
• The I or Q bit determine o/p polarity
• Logic 1 = + v
• Logic 0 = - v
• C & C bar determine
• Logic 1 = 1.307 v
• Logic 0 = 0.541 v.
• Tribit code between any two adjacent phase
changes by only one bit  gray code (or)
maximum distance code.
• For use to reduce the number of
transmission errors
Phasor diagram
Constellation diagram
Bandwidth considerations
Bit rate I & Q or C channel = 1/3 of binary i/p data rate (fb /3).
Highest fundamental frequency in the I , Q , C channel = 1/6 of bit
rate (I /p).
There is only one change in phase at the o/p for every data i/p bits.
Baud rate =fb/2 .
O/p of the balanced modulator
Ө = (Xsin ωat)( sin ωct)
ωat= 2Пfb/6 t {modulating signal} ωct=2Пfc{carrier}
and X=±1.307 or ±0.541
Thus,
Ө = (Xsin 2Пfb/6 t)( sin 2Пfc t) = cos 2П(fc -fb/6) t - cos 2П(fc +fb/6) t
The output frequency spectrum extends from fc +fb/6 to fc -fb/6, and
the
minimum bandwidth (fN) is (fc +fb/6) –( fc -fb/6) = 2 fb/6 = fb/3.
8PSK receiver
• Power splitter directs the i/p 8PSk signal to the I & Q
product detector and carrier recovery circuits.
• The carrier recovery circuit reproduces the original
reference oscillator signal.
• The incoming 8PSK signal is mixed with the recovered
carrier in the I product detector and with quadrature
carrier in the Q product detector.
• The o/p of product detector are 4 level PAM
• o/p from I channel I & C
• o/p from Q channel Q & C bar.
• Parallel to serial converter converts the I/C and Q / C bar
pairs to serial I,Q& C data streams.
 16PSk
• n = 4 ; M = 2n = 24 = 16 (output phases).
• 4 bits  quad bits.
• Minimum bandwidth and baud equal one fourth the bit rate.
• N  , M o/p phases .
• Angular separation between adjacent o/p phases is 22.5.
• 16 PSK undergoes 11.25 phase shift during transmission and still
retain its integrity.
• Limitation in the level of encoding possible with PSK, as a point is
eventually reached where receivers can’t discern the phase of the
received signaling element.
• Phase impairment destroys its integrity producing errors.
• For 64 PSK  n = 6 ; M = 26 = 64 o/p phases ,
• Angular separation between adjacent phases is only 5.6.
 Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation
• Amplitude and PSK are combined
 8QAM
• M= 8 possible M-ary encoding.
• Not a constant amplitude signal.
 8QAM transmitter
• The only difference between the 8QAM
transmitter and 8PSK transmitter, the omission of
the inverter between C channel and Q product
modulator.
• Incoming data are divided into groups of three bit
(tribits), the I , Q and C bit stream .
• Each with a bit rate equal to 1/3 of the incoming
data rate.
• The I and Q bits determine the polarity of the PAM
signal at the o/p of 2 to 4 level converters and C
channel determines the magnitude .
• Magnitude equal, logic conditions different.
 Bandwidth considerations of
8QAM
• In 8QAM, the bit rate in the I and Q channel
is one third of the i/p binary rate same as
8PSK.
• The highest fundamental modulating
frequency and fastest o/p rate of change in
the 8QA M are same as the 8PSk.
• Minimum bandwidth= fb / 3.
 8QAM receiver

• The differences are the PAM levels at the

o/p of the product detector and binary
signals at the o/p of the analog to digital
converter.
• Modulated o/p  8PSK = 8 QAM.
• Demodulated o/p  8 PSK  8 QAM.
• Binary o/p from I channel  I & C bits.
• Binary o/p from Q channel  Q & C bits
 16 QAM

• n = 4; M = 2n = 24 = 16 possible
combinations.
 QAM transmitter
• The input binary data are divided into four channels I, I, Q and Q.
• The bit rate in each channel is equal to one fourth of i/p bit rate (fb / 4).
• Four bits are serially clocked into bit splitter they are outputted
simultaneously and in parallel with I, I, Q and Q channel.
• I and Q bit  polarity (logic 1 == +ve , logic 0 = -ve)
• I and Q bit  magnitude (I(logic 1) = 0.821 v and Q(logic 0) = 0.22 v).
• 2 to 4 level converters generates a 4 level PAM levels (amplitude)
signals.
• Two polarities and two magnitudes ( ± 0.22 v & ± 0.821 v).
• PAM signal modulates the inphase and quadrature carrier in the
product modulator.
• Four o/p possible for each product modulator.
• I product modulator  ±0.821 sin ωct , ± 0.22 sin ωct
• Q product modulator  ±0.821 cosωct , ± 0.22 cosωct.
• The linear summer combines the output from I& Q product modulator.
Produces the 16 o/p conditions necessary for 16 QAM.
 Bandwidth considerations of
16QAM
• The i/p data are divided into four channels.
• The bit rate in I, I, Q and Q channel is equal to
one fourth of the binary input data rate (fb / 4).
• The bit splitter stretches the I, I, Q and Q bits
to four times their input bit length.
• Because the I, I, Q and Q bits are outputted
simultaneously and in parallel, the 2 to 4 level
converters change in their i/p and o/p’s at a
rate equal to one fourth of the i/p data rate.
• The bit timing relationship between the binary i/p
data , the I, I, Q and Q channel data and the I PAM
signal.
• The highest fundamental frequency in the I, I, Q and
Q channel is equal to one eighth of the bit rate of the
binary i/p data.
• One cycle in the I, I, Q and Q channel take the same
amount of the time as eight input bits.
• Also the highest fundamental frequency of either PAM
signal is equal to one eighth of binary i/p bit rate.
• With 16QAM modulator, there is one change in the
o/p signal (phase or amplitude) for every four i/p
data bits.
• Baud rate = fb / 4 as same as minimum bandwidth.
• The balanced modulator are product modulator
and their outputs can be represented
mathematically as
Output = (X sin ωat) (sin ωct)
ωat = 2fb/ 8t ωct = 2fct
x = ± 0.22 or ± 0.821
Output = (X sin 2fb/ 8t) (sin 2fct)
Output =X / 2 cos 2 (fc –(fb / 8))t -X / 2 cos
2 (fc + (fb / 8))t
The output frequency spectrum extends from fc +
(fb / 8) to(fc –(fb / 8) and minimum bandwidth
(fN)(fc + (fb / 8)) -(fc –(fb / 8)) =fN
 Probability of error

• The general expression for the bit error

probability of an L-level QAM system

where erfc(z) is the complementary error

function
 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
• Form of constant amplitude angle modulation similar to
standard frequency modulation except the modulating signal is
a binary signal that varies between two discrete voltage levels.
• FSK sometimes called binary FSK.
• Vfsk(t) = Vccos { 2 (fc + Vm(t)f) t}
• Vfsk(t) binary FSK
• Vc peak analog carrier amplitude (volts)
• fc analog carrier Centre frequency (hertz)
• Vm(t) binary i/p
• f peak carrier change (hertz)
• f Vm(t) direction determined by the polarity.
• Logic 1 = +1 volt  Vm(t) = + 1
• Logic 0 = - 1 volt Vm(t) = - 1.
Logic 1
Vfsk(t) = Vccos { 2 (fc + f) t}
Logic 0
Vfsk(t) = Vccos { 2 (fc -f) t}
FSK in frequency domain
• With binary FSK, the carrier centre
frequency (fc) is shifted up and down in the
frequency domain by the binary i/p
(changes from logic 0 to 1or vice versa).
• o/p frequency Logic 1 mark frequency
• Logic 0  space frequency.
• Mark and space frequencies separated from
carrier frequency by the peak frequency
deviation (f).
• Frequency deviation f = |fm- fs| / 2
• |fm- fs|  absolute difference between mark
and space frequency (hertz).
FSK in time domain
• Space frequency (lower frequency) = fc -f
• Time  frequency 
• Mark frequency (high frequency) = fc + f
• Time  frequency 
• Related by equation
• f = 1/t f frequency t time
• FSK bit rate, baud rate and bandwidth
• Bit rate = baud rate  tb=ts
• i/p = o/p
• baud rate of BFSK can be determined by substituting
N =1
• Baud rate =fb / N = fb / 1
 Bandwidth

• B = |(fm+ fb)-(fs- fb)|

• = |fs - fm| + 2fb |fs - fm| = 2f using
Carson’s rule (get min bandwidth)

• B  minimum bandwidth. f frequency

deviation (|fs - fm|)
• fb i/p bit rate
• The fastest rates of change (highest fundamental frequency) in NRZ
binary signal occur when alternate 1’s and 0’s are occurring (square
wave).
• It take high and low to produce a cycle, the highest fundamental
frequency present in a square wave equals the repetition rate of the
square wave.
• Fundamental frequency binary signal = half of the bit rate fa =fb / 2
• Modulation index h = f / fa hFM modulation index (h factor).
• Worst case modulation index yields widest BW
f / fm at maximum value
fa = fb / 2
h = |fm – fs| / 2 / fb / 2
h = |fm – fs| / fb
FSK Transmitter
• Vco  voltage controlled oscillator
• logic 1 shifts the vco o/p to the mark frequency.
• logic 0 shifts the vco o/p to the space frequency.
• Binary i/p changes back and forth between logic 1 and logic
0
• Vco o/p shift / deviates back and forth between mark and
space frequency.
• f is the difference between carrier rest frequency and
either mark or space frequency (or difference between
carrier rest frequency and mark and space frequency ).
• f = Vm(t) kl
• kl deviation sensitivity
• f  ± peak voltage (binary signal).
• Peak voltage same for logic 1 and 0, magnitude (f) same
for logic 1 and 0.
 FSK receiver
Non coherent FSK
• FSK i/p signal to BPF (Band Pass Filter)
through power splitter.
• BPF allows only mark or space frequency to
envelope detector.
• Envelope detector find total power in each
pass band.
• Comparator responds to largest power.
• No frequency involvement.
Coherent FSK
• FSK is multiplied by a recovered carrier signal that
has the exact same frequency & phase as the
transmitter reference.
• Two transmitted frequencies (fm and fs) are not
generally continuous, it is not practical to
reproduce a local reference that is coherent with
both of them.
PLL –Phase Locked Loop
• Input to PLL shifts between fmand fs, the dc error voltage at the
o/p of the phase comparator follows the frequency shifts .
• Two o/p error voltage  one represents logic 1 another
represent logic 0
• Natural frequency (PLL) = frequency (FSK).
• Two frequency matches  dc error voltage ‘0’
 Probability of error

• The probability of error for noncoherent

FSK

• The probability of error for coherent FSK

Phase continuous FSK (CP - FSk)
• With CP-FSK ,fm and fs are separated by an
exact multiple of one half of the bit rate fm
and fs= n fb / 2.
• Better bit error performance.
• Disadvantages of CP-FSk: requires
synchronization circuit, more expensive.
 MSK(MINIMUM SHIFT KEYING):
• Minimum-shift keying (MSK) is a type of continuous-
phase frequency-shift keying, With a frequency
separation of one-half the bit rate(0r) With h = (1/2)
the frequency deviation is half the bit rate.
• This minimum frequency spacing allows the two FSK
signals corresponding to symbols 1 and 0 to be
coherently orthogonal, So That they do not interfere
with each other in the process of detection.
• Cpfsk signal with the deviation ratio as (1/2) is
commonly referred to as minimum shift keying.
• The MSK signal is expressed as
SIGNAL SPACE REPRSENTATION OF MSK:
MSK TRANSMITTER:
MSK RECEIVER
Probability of Error
Pe = (1/2) erfc (√Eb/N0)
Bandwidth efficiency [information
density or spectral efficiency]