Materi 6

- PENGERTIAN GEOLOGI
-BUMI SEBAGAI PLANET
- LITHOSFERA - MINERAL
- BATUAN BEKU

- BT .SEDIMEN
- BT. METAMORF
- P E TA
- TERJADI MINYAK BUMI - HAKEKAT MINYAK BUMI
- CARA TERJADI MINYAK BUMI - BATUAN INDUK, - MIGRASI,
BATUAN RESERVOIR - PERANGKAP / TRAP - BATUAN PENYEKAT
- MINYAK BUMI DI INDONESIA
Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary petrography
is the description and classification of sedimentary rocks.
The word petrography suggests the study is done using the
petrographic microscope.

Sedimentary petrology
is the study of the composition and origin of sedimentary
rocks.
Sedimentary Rocks
Two main categories of sedimentary rocks
1. Clastic (aka detrital) rocks
2. Chemical (biogenic, inorganic)

Some generalities
1. Shale 65%, sandstone 15-20%, limestone 10-15%, others
<5%
2. Cover ~75% of land area on continents (including continental
shelf)
• Average ~2 km thick on continents
3. <5% crustal volume
4. Oceanic sediments: average thickness ~0.5 km
Why are Sedimentary rocks Important?

• All oil, gas and coal deposits and many ore deposits occur in
sedimentary rocks
• Sedimentary rocks are important building materials.
• Sedimentary rocks provide us with the best window into the
past. - the past may allow us to predict the future.
• Sedimentary rocks constitute 75% of the earth's surface.
http://www.volcanoworld.org/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Rocks/Rocks8.html
How do sedimentary rocks form ?

• Erosion
• Transport
• Deposition
– Rivers, Lakes, Deltas, Fans…
• Precipitation
• Marine/ groundwater processes
– Sea, Lakes, Cave systems…
Sedimentary rocks are the end product of a series of
processes:

• Weathering
• Erosion
• Transportation: (via water, air, ice, gravity) as solid particles or in
solution
• Deposition: (wide variety of depositional environments)
• Lithification: process of turning loose sediment into solid rock by
compaction and cementation during burial
• Diagenesis: physical, chemical and biological changes due to burial
and modest heating (up to ~150ºC)

Constituents of sedimentary rocks

• Clastic rocks: Clay minerals > Quartz > Feldspar (K-fsp > plag) +
a few % super-stable heavy minerals (zircon, tourmaline, rutile)
Sedimentary rocks
• Stratification visible
– Bedding
– Lamination
• Fossils present
• Grains or pebbles visible
• Sedimentary minerals (e.g. glauconite) present
• Sedimentary structures visible on bedding planes
Sedimentary rocks are typically
layered, (although layering is not
diagnostic of only sedimentary rocks)
 TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Clastic rocks Chemical & Organic rocks
 Sandstones
 Conglomerates
 Breccia
 Shale/mudsto
nes
Carbonate rocks Organic rocks

Form basically from Form due to

Evaporitic rocks decomposition of
CaCO3 – both by
chemical leaching and organic remains
These rocks are formed
by organic source under temperature
due to evaporation of saline
(biochemical) eg. and pressure eg.
water (sea water)
Limestone; dolomite Coal/Lignite etc.
eg. Gypsum, Halit
(rock salt)
Three types of sedimentary
Rocks

•Clastic
•Biochemical
•Chemical
 CLASTIC ROCKS
 formed from broken rock fragments
weathered and eroded by river, glacier,
wind and sea waves. These clastic
sediments are found deposited on
floodplains, beaches, in desert and on
the sea floors.
solidify Clastic rocks

• Clastic rocks are classified on the basis of

the grain size: conglomerate, sandstone,
shale etc.
Clastic rocks
mainly comprise
broken fragment
of older rock –
they are also
know as
Terrigenous
rocks
 Clastic rocks–made of cemented
sediments—are classified by their grain
sizes.

http://www.volcanoworld.org/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Sedrocks/Sedrocks9.html
 Non-clastic rocks form by chemical precipitation
(settling out from a solution.) Limestone is made
from calcite, chert from quartz, and halite is rock
salt.

http://www.volcanoworld.org/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Sedrocks/Sedrocks10.html
 Biologic sedimentary rocks come from
the remains of organic matter.
 The most important of
these is coal.
Anthracite coal results
from the greatest
pressure and releases
the most energy when
burned. Other varieties
are bituminous and
lignite. “Petrified”
(permineralized) wood
is another organic rock.
http://www.volcanoworld.org/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Sedrocks/Sedrocks11.html
 More about sedimentary rocks
 Shale is the most
common sedimentary
rock
 Sedimentary rocks
cover about three-
quarters of the land
surface
 For more about
sedimentary rocks:
http://www.volcanoworld.org/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Sedrocks/Sedrocks1.html
 Texture of Sedimentary Rocks
• Aspects of textural analysis
– Grain Size
– Grain Morphology
– Grain Surface Texture
– Sedimentary Fabric

Reflects the processes of deposition

 Grain Size
• Defined by Udden- Wentworth diagram
Detrital Sediments & Sedimentary
Rocks
gravel
&
conglomerate

sand
&
sandstone

clay, silt
&
mudstone
GRAIN SIZE

Gravel Sand Silt Clay

>256-2 mm 2- 0.062 mm 0.062-0.004 mm <0.004 mm

Boulder: >256mm

Cobble: 64-256 mm

Pebble: 4-64 mm

Granule: 2-4mm
Fine gravel
Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks may be made of rock fragments—
sediments—or by chemical reactions. The classification of
sediments is shown below.

http://www.volcanoworld.org/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Sedrocks/Sedrocks6.html
Sorting
(2) Degree of sorting
Good sorting
Poor Sorting
 Grain Morphology
Roundness
Degree of roundness helps in knowing the distance of transportation

•Angular clasts- short distance transport from the source

•Rounded clasts- long distance transport
Angularity Classification
 Roundness & Angularity

Well rounded, well sorted Poorly rounded, poorly sorted

Angularity or roundness is a
measure of the distance of
transportation
 Sedimentary Fabric
Preferred orientation of grains :
usually aligned parallel to water flow direction :
Palaeocurrent Indicator.
Estimating Textural Maturity
• Immature
– Poor sorting
– Angular grains
– High matrix content
• Mature
– No matrix
– Moderate-good sorting
– Degree of rounding
• Supermature
– No matrix
– Very good sorting
– High degree of roundness
Maturity
Maturity
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