By: group 4

 Fathin Syukrina Bt Mohd Jufri

 Azzieeyana Suhailaa Abd Salam
 Sheryl Shazwanie Bt
Shamsulbahri
 Gaseous exchange in humans takes place
in the lungs.
 Air enters the lungs through;
trachea – bronchi – bronchioles – alveoli
 Trachea is supported by C-shaped rings
of cartilage which keep it from collapse
during inhalation.
 A large number of alveoli in the lungs can
transport oxygen to and carbon dioxide away
from the cells.
 Walls are made of a single layer of cells that
can diffuse gases easily across the thin walls.
 Walls secrete a thin lining of moisture that can
dissolve gases and diffuse easily across walls.
 A network of blood capillaries increase the
surface area for exchange of gases.
 Intercostal muscle : internal intercostal
muscle
: external intercostal
muscle
 Diaphragm – dome-shaped sheet muscle
A. Inhalation

1. External intercostal muscles contract

2. Internal intercostal muscles relax
3. The rib cage move upwards and outwards
4. The diaphragm contract and flattens
5. Volume of the thoracic cavity increase
resulting in reduced air pressure in alveoli
6. Higher atmospheric pressure outside causes
the air to rush in
B. Exhalation

1. External intercostal muscles relax

2. Internal intercostal muscles contract
3. The ribcage move downwards and inwards
4. The diaphragm relax and returns to dome –
shaped
5. Volume of the thoracic cavity decrease
resulting in higher air pressure in alveoli
6. Air is forced out of lungs
 Have a surface area to volume ratio.
 Cells lining to the respiratory structures are
thin.
 The surfaces for gaseous exchange are
constantly moist.
Characteristics Protozoa Insects Fish Amphibians Humans
Respiratory None Tracheal - Skin and Human
system system pulmonary respiratory
system system
Respiratory None - Gills Skin and Lungs
organs lungs
Respiratory - Tracheoles Filaments - -
structures and
lameliae
Respiratory None - Mouth Nostrils Nostrils
opening
Characteristics Protozoa Insects Fish Amphibians Humans
A large surface Unicellular Numerous Numerous Lungs with Numerous
area to volume , flat and tracheoles filaments numerous alveolus
ratio is spherical and lamellae inner
achieved by bodies partitions
having and gaseous
exchange
which takes
place
throughout
the entire
surface area
of the skin
Network of None None The The skin and The alveoli
blood filaments lungs are are richly
capillaries are richly richly supplied
supplied supplied with blood
with blood with blood capillaries
capillaries capillaries
Characteristic Protozo Insects Fish Amphibians Humans
s a
Air passages None Spiracles -> Mouth -> Nostrils -> Nostrils ->
Tracheae -> Opercular bucco- Trachea ->
Tracheoles -> cavity -> Pharyngeal Bronchi ->
Cells Gills and cavity -> Bronchioles ->
lamella Lungs Alveoli
operculum
Other None Thorax, Operculum The strong Diaphragm, rib
structures Abdomen and the muscular cage and
which help in muscular walls of the intercostal
external walls of the bucco- muscles
respiration floor of the pharyngeal
buccal floor
cavity.