INTRODUCTION TO

QUANTITATIVE
Note: Please refer to the prescribed textbook for the definition of some
terminologies on this topic, pp. 10-13, 20-28.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
PARADIGM VS.
“QUALI”

“…an inquiry process of understanding a social or human

problem based on building a complex, holistic picture formed
with words, reporting detailed views of informants, and
conducted in a natural setting.”
(Creswell, 1994)

“QUANTI”

“…an inquiry into a social or human

problem based on testing a theory composed of variables,
measured with numbers, and analysed with statistical procedures
in order to determine whether the predictive generalisations of
 Standards Qualitative Quantitative
Mental survey of Results from social Exists in the physical
reality interaction world
Cause-effect Explained by people’s Revealed by automatic
relationship objective desires descriptions of
circumstances or
conditions

Researcher’s Subjective; sometimes Objective; least

involvement with the personally engaged involvement by the
object/subject of the researcher
study

Expression of data, Verbal language Numerals, statistics

data analysis and (words, visuals,
findings objects)
 Standards Qualitative Quantitative
Research plan Takes place as the Plans all research
research proceeds aspects before
gradually collecting data
Behavior toward Desires to preserve the Control or
research aspects/ natural setting of manipulation of
conditions research features research conditions by
the researcher
Obtaining Multiple methods Scientific method
knowledge
Purpose Makes social Evaluates objectives
intentions and examines cause-
understandable effect relationships
 Standards Qualitative Quantitative
Data-analysis Thematic codal ways, Mathematically based
technique competence-based methods
Style of expression Personal, lacks Impersonal, scientific
formality or systematic
Sampling technique More inclined to Random sampling
purposive sampling (probability) as the
(non-probability) or most preferred
use of chosen samples
based on some criteria
Ideas Concepts Variables
Target Audience Participants/ Respondents
Informants
QUANTITATIVE
(Melegrito & Mendoza, 2016)
“…is either descriptive, wherein subjects
are measured once, or experimental,
wherein subjects are measured before
and after.”
Babbie,
2010
 “…uses structured instruments when
gathering data. The results are based on
large sample sizes that are
representative of the population and can
be replicated.”
Babbie,
2010
SAMPLE STRUCTURED
INSTRUMENT

saylordotorg.github.io
“…has clearly defined research
questions to which objective
answers are sought.”

Babbie,
2010
“…aims to classify features, count them,
and construct statistical models in an
attempt to explain what is observed.”

Babbie,
2010
TYPES OF
QUANTITATI (Barrot, 2017)
(Melegrito & Mendoza, 2016)
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
Defining
‣ aims to de fine the e xisting
Features
condition of a variable
Examples:
Goal
Assessing Nurses’ Attitudes Toward Death
▸ to observe and to report on
and Caring for Dying Patients in a
a certain phenomenon Comprehensive Cancer Centre (Lange, M.,
Thom, B., Kline, N. E., 2008)

Variables & Experimenta A description of how senior high school

l Manipulation: students celebrate their birthdays

▸ Variables are measured as A description of the youth’s perception

they occur. of the 2016 elections
▸ Expe rime ntal manipulation A description of how parents feel about
is not used. the K to 12 Curriculum
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
Defining
‣ trie s to de fine the de g re e
Features
of
relationship between two or
more variables using statistical data. Examples:

Goal The Relationship Between Service

Quality and Customer Satisfaction in the
▸ to determine the nature of the Telecommunications Industry: Evidence
re latio nship b e twe e n from Nigeria (Ojo, O., 2010)
variab le s without looking into the
The relationship between
cause successful career and educational
attainment
Variables & Experimenta
The relationship between high grades
▸ Variables
l Manipulation: measured as they and having tutors
are occur.
▸ Experimental manipulation is not The relationship between entrance
exam results and attendance in review
used.
centres
SURVEY RESEARCH
Defining Features
‣ intended to acquire
information from pe ople Examples:

conce rning the predominance, Voter preferences

distribution, and interrelations
Survey on sexual violence against women
of variables within identified and girls in Quezon City
group of people
Survey of ASEAN employers on skills and
competitiveness
Variables & Experimenta
▸ Variables are measured as Metro Manila survey on health of
l Manipulation:
adolescence
they occur.
▸ Experimental manipulation
may be used.
EX-POST FACTO RESEARCH
Goal
‣ to infe r the cause s of
a phenomenon which has
already occured Example:

Comparison of Personal, Social, and

Variables & Experimenta Academic Variables Related to University
l Manipulation: Drop-Out Rate and Persistence
(Bernardo, A., et al, 2016)
▸ Expe rime ntal manipulation is
not used.
▸ Groups e xpose d to t
h e presumed cause are
compared with those who are
not exposed to it.
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL/CAUSAL- COMPARATIVE RESEARCH

Defining Features
‣ very similar to true experiments but with
key dissimilarities (1) an
independent v a r i a b l e i s i d e n t i Examples:
fi e d b u t n o t manipulated and (2)
the effects of the independent variable The Impact of Smoking Bans on Smoking
on the dependent variable are and Consumer Behavior: Quasi-
measured. Experimental Evidence from Switzerland
(Boes, S., Marti, J., Maclean, J. C., 2014)
Goal
‣ to e stab li cause -and-e ffe The effect of studying in Catholic
srelationships
h ct school on the moral value system of
those who graduate from these schools
Variables & Experimental Manipulation:
▸ Experimental manipulation may have The effect of gender on college course
indi idual choices
▸ limited use.
Intact groups are used; v
The effects of good family upbringing to
sub je cts are randomly assig ne d good performance in class.
to treatment and control groups.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Defining Features
‣ usually termed as true experimentation;
considered as a “laboratory study”
Examples:
Goal
Effects of Mobile Technology Use on
‣ to e stab li cause -and-e ffe
Walking (Perlmutter, S., et al, 2014)
srelationships
h ct
The effect of a Math terror teacher on
Variables & Experimental Manipulation: students’ attitude about attending Math
▸ Experimental manipulation is used. class under that teacher
▸ Intact groups are not used;
The effect of a kind and supportive
individual sub je cts are randomly homeroom adviser on the students’
assig ne d to treatment and control helpfulness
▸ groups.
The random assignment of The effect of peer counselling and
support group on a student’s emotional
individual subjects provides more
condition
conclusiveness as to the causal
relationships between variables.