Reference Books

 J.D Lee : Concise Inorganic Chemistry

 Puri, Sharma & Kalia : Principles of Inorganic
Chemistry
 Shriver and Atkins : Inorganic Chemistry
Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it
can undergo.
Chemistry the central science
 Chemistry is often called the central science because
of its role in connecting the physical sciences, which
include chemistry, with the life sciences and applied
sciences such as medicine and engineering.
Contributions of chemistry
 In agriculture: fertilizers, pesticides-increased food
production.
 In everyday life: food, clothes, soaps, detergents, fuels,
plastics etc.- made life easier and fast.
 In Medicine- pharmaceutical chemicals enhanced
health and prolonged lives.
 In Communication & transportation- mobile phones,
cars, air planes etc..
Science and Technology
 Science  Pure
 Does not necessarily have an
application.
 Technology  Applied
 Has practical applications in society.
 Engineering.
Question: Science or Technology?

Studying or forming aspirin in a lab in

small scale (small amounts).
Question: Science or Technology?
 Producing aspirin tablets so that
consumers can use them.
Chemistry: A Science at Three Levels
 Chemistry can be understood at three levels:
 Macroscopic level : This is the level at which we can
actually see the changes.
 eg:

When magnesium burns

in air, it gives off a lot of heat and
light.
 Microscopic level : chemistry interprets these phenomena in
terms of the rearrangements of atoms.

When magnesium and oxygen

atoms form magnesium oxide, two
forms of matter are changed into
another form of matter.
Atoms are neither created
nor destroyed in chemical
reactions.

 Symbolic level, the expression of chemical phenomena in terms

of chemical symbols. This level ties the other two levels together.
A chemist thinks at the microscopic level, conducts
experiments at the macroscopic level, and represents both
symbolically.

We can map these three aspects

of chemistry as a triangle.
 Scientific Method
 Observation- recognition of a problem.
 Hypothesis- a proposed explanation of an
observation
 an educated guess
 must be testable.
 Experiment- a procedure used to test a
hypothesis (measurement, data collection,
manipulated and responding variables)
 Theory(Conclusion)
 A Brief History of
the Scientific Method
 Aristotle (Greece, 4th Century BC)

Philosopher who
believed that:
 There are 4 elements:

earth, water, air, fire.

 Matter is perpetually
divisible.
 Democritus
(Greece, 4th Century BC)

 First atomic theory

 Atom (indivisible).
Alchemists (~300BC-1650 AD)
China, India, Arabia, Europe, Egypt

•Aiming to:
Change common
metals to gold.
Develop medicines.
•Developed lab
equipment.
•Mystical.
 Galileo Galilei (Italy 1564 AD)

 Father of the
scientific method
(along with the Englishman
Francis Bacon 1500’s).
 Antoine Lavoisier
(France 1743-1794)
 Regarded as the Father of Chemistry.
 Designed equipment.

 Used observations

and measurements.
 Discovered nitrogen.
 Antoine Lavoisier (cont’d)

 Discovered the Law of Conservation of

Mass:
 In a chemical reaction mass is conserved.
Antoine Lavoisier (cont’d)
 Explained burning as reaction with
oxygen.

 Old theory: release of “phlogiston”.

The Branches of Chemistry
 Traditionally, the field of chemistry has been organized
into three main branches:
 Organic chemistry: the study of compounds of carbon.
 Inorganic chemistry : the study of all the other
elements other than carbon and their compounds.
 Physical chemistry, the study of the principles of
chemistry.
Other branches
 biochemistry, the study of the chemical compounds,
reactions, and other processes in living systems.
 analytical chemistry, the study of techniques for
identifying substances and measuring their amounts.
 theoretical chemistry, the study of molecular structure
and properties in terms of mathematical models.
 computational chemistry, the computation of molecular
properties.
 chemical engineering, the study and design of industrial
chemical processes, including the fabrication of
manufacturing plants and their operation.
 medicinal chemistry, the application of chemical
principles to the development of pharmaceuticals.
Some terms
 matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
Eg: air , water, gold, etc..
 substance is a single, pure form of matter (made up of
only one component).
 Air- matter Gold- substance
 Milk- matter Pure water- substance
 Diamond- substance
 Substances, and matter in general, can take different
forms, called states of matter. The three most
common states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas.
 The smallest particle of matter that can exist is
called an atom. All matter is composed of atoms.
 An element is a substance that consists of only one kind of
atom.
 compound - a substance composed of two or more
elements-
 A binary compound
consists of only two
elements.
 A molecule is a discrete group of atoms bonded together
in a specific arrangement.
 An ion is a positively or negatively charged atom or
molecule.
 A positively charged ion is called a cation, and a
negatively charged ion is called an anion.
 polyatomic (many-atom) cation, eg: ammonium ion,
 An ionic compound consists of ions in a ratio that results
in overall electrical neutrality; a molecular compound
consists of electrically neutral molecules.
 In general, binary compounds of two nonmetals are
molecular, whereas binary compounds formed by a metal
and a nonmetal are ionic.
The basic unit of an ionic compound is the formula unit.
Atomic number and mass number
Difference between mass and
weight
Mass:
 Mass is the amount of matter contained in a body.
 Mass of the body is constant and does not change with the
change of position or location.
Weight:
 Weight is the force exerted by a body when it is in a
gravitational field. It depends upon the gravitational field
 Weight of the body is the variable quantity and changes
with the change in position and location due to
gravitational force acting on it.
 The chemical formula of a compound represents its
composition in terms of chemical symbols.
 Eg. NaCl for sodium chloride
 For molecular compounds, we use Molecular
formula, a chemical formula that shows how many
atoms of each type of element are present in a single
molecule of the compound.
 Eg: water- H2O, ammonia –NH3
 A structural formula indicates how the atoms are
linked together.
Atomic mass
 The atomic mass or the mass of an atom is actually
very-very small because atoms are extremely small.
 Present system of atomic masses is based on carbon -
12 as the standard.
 12C is assigned a mass of exactly 12 atomic mass unit

 (amu or u) and masses of all other atoms are given

relative to this standard.
 1 amu or u = 1.66056×10–24 g
Molecular Mass
 Molecular mass is the sum of atomic masses of the
elements present in a molecule.
 It is obtained by multiplying the atomic mass of each
element by the number of its atoms and adding
them together.
 molecular mass of water (H2O) = 2 × atomic mass of
hydrogen + 1 × atomic mass of oxygen
= 2 (1.008 u) + 16.00 u
= 18.02 u
MOLE CONCEPT AND MOLAR
MASSES
 One mole is the amount of a substance that contains
as many particles or entities as there are atoms in
exactly 12 g of the 12C isotope.
 One mole of a substance always contain the same
number of entities which is known as ‘Avogadro
constant’, denoted by NA.
 NA = 6.022 1023
 1 mol of hydrogen atoms = 6.022×1023 atoms
 1 mol of water molecules = 6.022×1023 water molecules
Molar mass
 The mass of one mole of a substance in grams is called
its molar mass.
 The molar mass in grams is numerically equal to
atomic/molecular mass in u.
 Molar mass of water = 18.02 g
 Molar mass of sodium chloride = 58.5 g
 Naming Simple Compounds
Common names- the names given by early chemists
 Quicklime – CaO
 Limestone – calcium carbonate
 Baking soda- sodium bicarbonate(NaHCO3)
 laughing gas- nitrous oxide(N2O)
 oil of vitriol –sulphuric acid
 Sugar- sucrose
 washing soda- sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)
 plaster of Paris- calcium sulfate hemihydrate,
CaSO4·1/2H2O
Naming inorganic binary compounds-systematic name

Monatomic cation
has the same name as
its parent element.
A monatomic anion
is named by taking
the first part of the
element name
and adding -ide.
Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions
 When there are two members in such a series, the
name of the one, with the smaller number of oxygen
atoms ends in -ite, and the name of the one with the
larger number ends in –ate.
Physical & chemical properties
 A physical property is a property that a substance
displays without changing its composition, whereas a
chemical property is a property that a substance
displays only by changing its composition.
 Physical properties include odour, taste, colour,
appearance, melting point, boiling point, and density.
 Chemical properties include corrosiveness
flammability, acidity, toxicity, and other such
characteristics.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1808)
 Matter is composed of extremely
small particles called atoms.
 All atoms of a given element are
John Dalton
identical, but the atoms of one element
are different from the atoms of all other elements.
 Atoms of one element can combine with atoms of other
elements to form compounds.
 A given compound always has the same relative
numbers and types of atoms.
 Atoms are neither created nor destroyed in chemical
reactions.
Rusting of Iron
Thomson’s plum pudding model(1904)

J.J Thomson

 Thomson postulated that an atom consisted of a

diffuse cloud of positive charge with the negative
electrons embedded randomly in it.
 The electrons are like raisins dispersed in a
pudding.
 The Nuclear Model of the Atom
Rutherford’s Gold foil experiment(1910)

Ernest Rutherford

 Most of the mass of atom and all of its

positive charge reside in a very small,
extremely dense region called the
nucleus.
 Most of the volume of an atom is empty
space in which electrons move around
the nucleus.
 Bohr model(1913)

Niels Bohr
 The electron in an atom revolve round the
nucleus only in selected circular paths called
orbits.
 When electron jumps from a lower energy to a higher energy
level required amount of energy is absorbed by the electron
and energy emitted is when electron jumps from higher to
lower energy level.
 The angular momentum of the electron moving around the
nucleus is quantised.
angular momentum (mvr) = nh/2