 Electric power systems are comprised

of components that produce electrical

energy and transmit this energy to
consumers.
 A modern electric power system has mainly
six main components: 1) power plants
which generate electric power, 2)
transformers which raise or lower the
voltages as needed, 3) transmission lines to
carry power, 4) substations at which the
voltage is stepped down for carrying power
over the distribution lines, 5) distribution
lines, and 6) distribution transformers
which lower the voltage to the level needed
for the consumer equipment.
 Marine current power is a form of marine
energy obtained from harnessing of
the kinetic energy of marine currents, such as
the Gulf stream.
 connecting two AC systems that are not
synchronized allowing transfer of power from
one AC grid to another
 AC-DC converter station
◦ Ormoc Converter Station, Leyte
◦ Naga Converter Station, Naga
440MW, 350kV HVDC Link
Overhead line: 430 km
Submarine Cable: 21 km
1. Type of electric system
2. Type of delivery system
3. Construction
1. Safety
2. Smooth and even flow of power
3. Economy
 The function of the distribution is to receive
electric power from large, bulk sources and to
distribute it to consumers at voltage levels
and with degrees of reliability that are
appropriate to various types of users.
 A typical distribution system consists of

◦ Subtransmission circuits with voltage ratings usually

between 12.47 and 347 kV which delivers energy to the
distribution system.

◦ Distribution Substations which converts the energy to a

lower primary system voltage for local distribution and
usually include facilities for voltage regulation of the
primary voltage.

◦ Primary Circuits or feeders, usually operating in the

range of 4.16 to 34.5 kV and supplying the load in a
well-defined geographic area.
◦ Distribution Transformers in ratings from 10 to
2500 kVA which may be installed on poles or in
underground vaults near the consumers and
transform the primary voltages to utilization
voltages.

◦ Secondary Circuits at utilization voltage which carry

the energy from the distribution transformer along
the street or rear-lot lines

◦ Service Drops which deliver the energy from the

secondary to the user’s service entrance equipment.
 Household electricity is alternating current
(AC)
 Household voltage is 240V
 Frequency is 60Hz
 Power transformers are common
 Why isn’t power transmitted at low voltages?
 Why isn’t power delivered at high voltages?
 Why isn’t power transmitted at low voltages?
 An electric current passing through a
lightbulb
◦ experiences a voltage drop in the filament
◦ and converts electric power into thermal power.
 The power provided to the lightbulb is
◦ the product of the current in its filament
◦ times the voltage drop that current experiences, or
power provided = current· voltage drop in filament.
 Doubling voltage or current doubles bulb
power
 An electric current passing through a wire
◦ wastes electric power as thermal power,
power wasted = current· voltage drop in wire.
 Since the wire obeys Ohms law,
voltage drop in wire = resistance· current,
 the power it wastes is
power wasted = resistance· current2.
 Doubling current quadruples wasted power!
 The goal of a power distribution system is to
◦ transmit lots of electric power to a city,
power transmitted = current· voltage drop at city,
◦ while wasting only a little electric power in the
wires,
power wasted = resistance· current2.
 That goal can be met by
◦ using a small current and a huge voltage drop,
◦ together with low-resistance wires.
 Why isn’t power delivered at high voltages?
 When large voltage drops are available,
◦ charges tend to jump toward the lower voltage
◦ and currents tend to flow through unexpected
paths.
 High-voltage electrical power in a home is
◦ a spark hazard,
◦ a fire hazard,
◦ and a shock hazard.
 Large currents are too wasteful for
transmission
 High voltages are too dangerous for delivery
 So electric power distribution uses a
hierarchy:
◦ high voltage circuits in the countryside
◦ medium voltage circuits in cities
◦ low voltage circuits in neighborhoods and homes
 Transformers transfer power between
circuits!