Kompetensi 1:

Mahasiswa mampu
menjelaskan konsep
kuantisasi energi
Blackbody radiation
Quantum chemistry
Radiasi Spektroskopi
benda hitam
Spektrum dalam kimia
Teori atom
Bohr
Hipotesa
de Broglie
Struktur molekul

Metode pendekatan,
metode LCAO, unsur
Gerakan dan operasi simetri
partikel
dalam kotak
Struktur atom hidrogen
Gerakan
vibrasi
Gerakan
rotasi
J.J Thomson
The discoverer of the electron
Sir Joseph John “J.J.” Thomson, (
18 December 1856 – 30 August 1940
) was a British physicist and
Nobel laureate, credited for the
discovery of the electron and of
isotopes, and the invention of the
mass spectrometer. He was awarded
the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics for
the discovery of the electron and his
work on the conduction of electricity
in gases.

Sir Joseph John Thomson

Sinar Katoda
Thomson telah melakukan sebuah seri percobaan
dengan sinar katoda dan tabung sinar katoda yang
akhirnya membuatnya menemukan elektron dan
partikel sub atom.

3 Percobaan Thomson:
Percobaan pertama
Percobaan kedua
Percobaan ketiga
Thomson’s first experiment
In his first experiment, he investigated whether or
not the negative charge could be separated from
the cathode rays by means of magnetism.
He constructed a cathode ray tube ending in a pair
of cylinders with slits in them. These slits were in
turn connected to an electrometer. Thomson found
that if the rays were magnetically bent such that
they could not enter the slit, the electrometer
registered little charge.
Thomson concluded that the negative charge was
inseparable from the rays.
Thomson’s second experiment
 In his second experiment, he
investigated whether or not the
rays could be deflected by an
electric field (something that is
characteristic of charged particles).
Previous experimenters had failed
to observe this, but Thomson
believed their experiments were
flawed because they contained
trace amounts of gas. Thomson
constructed a cathode ray tube
with a practically perfect vacuum,
and coated one end with
phosphorescent paint. Thomson
found that the rays did indeed bend
under the influence of an electric
field, in a direction indicating a
negative charge.
Thomson’s third experiment
In his third experiment, Thomson measured the
mass-to-charge ratio of the cathode rays by
measuring how much they were deflected by a
magnetic field and how much energy they
carried. He found that the mass to charge ratio
was over a thousand times lower than that of a
hydrogen ion (H+), suggesting either that the
particles were very light or very highly charged.
Thomson's conclusions were bold: cathode rays
were indeed made of particles which he called
"corpuscles", and these corpuscles came from
within the atoms of the electrodes themselves,
meaning that atoms are in fact divisible. The
"corpuscles" discovered by Thomson are
identified with the electrons which had been
proposed by G. Johnstone Stoney.
Blackbody radiation
 When a body is heated it emits radiation with a
continuous distribution of wavelengths.
 The intensity of the radiation depends both on the
nature of the surface of the body and on the
temperature of the body.
 To simplify the discussion concerning the nature of
the surface, we often consider an ideal body, a
Black Body, which absorbs and emits all
wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation.
 A good approximation to an ideal black body is a
small hole drilled into the side of a closed box.
 The radiation emitted by such an ideal body is
called Black Body Radiation.
Blackbody radiation

A plot of the intensity of blackbody radiation versus frequency for

several temperature
Rayleigh-Janes Law

8kT 2
 ( , T )dv  3 v dv 1.1

c
(v,T)dv is the density of radiative energy between the frequency v
and v+dv and has units of joules/cubic meter (Jm -3)
K is the Boltzman constant (the ideal gas constant divided by
Avogadro’s number
T is the absolute temperature
C is the speed of light
Spectrum electromagnetic

Depicts white light being separated into different frequency waves.

Spectrum electromagnetic
Plank used a Quantum hypothesis to
derive the black body radiation

Plank’s assumption:
The radiation emitted by the body was due
to the oscillations of the electrons in the
constituent particles of the material body.
The energies of the oscillators had to be
proportional to an integral multiple of the
frequency or in an equation, that =nhv,
where n is an integer, h is a proportionality
constant and v is the frequency
Planck’s distribution law
Using statistical thermodynamic arguments, Planks
was able to derive the equation:

8hv 3 dv
 (v, T )dv  3 1.2
c e hv / kT  1
Planck was able to show that this equation gives excellent
agreement with the experimental data for all frequencies and
temperatures if h has the value 6.626x10-34 joule
seconds (Js)
h is called Planck’s constant and the equation is known as
Planck’s distribution law for black body radiation
Spectrum electromagnetic
Learning by simulation

 Planck’s black body radiation law

http://www.vias.org/simulations/simusoft
_blackbody.html
Examples

Planck’s distribution law above was

expressed in terms of frequency.
Express Planck’s radiation law in
terms of wavelength .
Examples
Planck’s distribution law above was expressed in terms of
frequency. Express Planck’s radiation law in terms of
wavelength .

Solution:
Because v and  are related by =c, d=-c d/2. If we
substitute d = -c d/2 into Planck’s distribution law,

8hc d
 ( , T )d  5 hc / kT 1.3
 e 1
The quantity (,T)d is the energy density between 
and +d .
Blackbody radiation

A plot of the intensity of blackbody radiation versus frequency for

several temperature
Einstein explained the photoelectric
effect with a quantum hypothesis

Albert Einstain
1879-1955
Photoelectric effect

The photoelectric effect is a

quantum electronic phenomenon in
which electrons are emitted from
matter after the absorption of
energy from electromagnetic
radiation such as x-rays or visible
light. The emitted electrons can be
referred to as photoelectrons in
this context. The effect is also
Emission of electron from termed the Hertz Effect, due to
metal plate
its discovery by Heinrich Rudolf
Hertz.
Photoelectric effect
Energy of photon = Energy needed to remove an electron +
Kinetic energy of the emitted electron
1 2
hv  mv   1.4
2
 is the work function of the metal, is similar to an ionization
energy.
The kinetic energy cannot be negative, so Eq 1.4 predict that
hv  
The minimum frequency that will reject an electron is just the
frequency required to overcome the work function of the metal
and it is a threshold frequency vo
hvo   1.5
Photoelectric effect
How to measure the kinetic energies of electron?
If the electrons are directed toward a negatively charged
electrode, then they will slow down because they are working
against the electrical potential . If the potential is
continously increased , the electrons eventually will be stpped
completely, and the potential to do this is called the
stopping potential. At the stopping potential, the initial
kinetic energy of the electron is equal to the potential
energy
1 2
mv  eVs
2
where Vs is the stopping potential
Photoelectric effect
1 2
hv  mv  
2
hvo  
1 2
mv  eVs
2

 eVs  hv  hvo
This equation shows that a plot of Vs versus v should be linear, in
complete agreement with the experimental data and the slope of
the line should be h/-e
Photoelectric effect

How to express the work function,  in

energy units of electron volts (eV)?
Photoelectric effect

How to express the work function,  in

energy units of electron volts (eV)?
One electron volt is the energy that a
particle with the same charge as an
electron (or a proton) picks up when it
falls through a potential drop of one
volt.
(1 coulomb x 1 volt= 1 joule)
1eV = (1.602x10-19C)(1V) = 1.602x10-19J
Example:

Given that the work function for sodium

metal is 1.82 ev, what is the threshold
frequency vo for sodium?
Example:
Given that the work function for sodium metal is 1.82 ev, what is
the threshold frequency vo for sodium?
Solution:
Convert  from electron volts to joules

1.602 x10 19 J

  1.82eV  (1.82eV )( )  2.92 x10 19 J
eV
Use hvo  
2.92 x10 19 J 14 1
vo  34
 4. 40 x10 s  4.40 x1014
Hz
6.626 x10 Js
Example

 When lithium is irradiated with light,

one finds a stopping potential of 1.83
V for =3000Å and 0.80 V for =4000
Å. From these data and the known
charge on the electron, calculate (a)
Planck’s constant, (b) the threshold
potential, and © the work function of
lithium
Solution (a):

 eVs  e(V1  V2 )
1 1
 eVs  hv  hvo  h(v  vo )  hc(  )
1 2
 e(1.83V  0.80V )  (2.49 x1014 Hz )h
1
h 1.03V
  4.14 x10  15 JsC
 e 2.49 x10 Hz 14

h  (4.14 x10 15 JsC 1 )(1.602 x10 19 C )  6.63 x10 34 Js
Solution (b):

Using the = 3000Å data

19 hc
(1.602 x10 C )(1.83V )  7
 hvo
3.00 x10 m
vo  5.57 x10 Hz
14
Solution (c):

hvo  

  3.69 x10 19

J  2.30eV
Conclusions

Using the known value of e, Einstain

obtained a value of h in close agreement
with Planck’s value deduced from the
blackbody radiation formula.
In two very different set of
experiments, blackbody radiation and
photoelectric effect, the very same
quantization constant, h arose naturally
Problems

1. At what wavelength does the maximum

in the energy-density distribution
function for a black body occur if (a)
T=300K? (b) T=3000K? (c) T=10,000
K?
2. Sirius, one of the hottest known stars,
has approximately a blackbody
spectrum with max=2600. Estimate
the surface temperature of Sirius
Problems

3. Given that work function of chromium is

4.40 eV, calculate the kinetic energy of
electrons emitted from a chromium
surface when it is irradiated with
ultraviolet radiation of wavelength
2000A. What is the stopping potential for
these electrons?
Problems

4. When a clean surface of silver is

irradiated with light of wavelength 230
nm, the stopping potential of the ejected
electrons is found to be 0.80 V.
Calculate the work function and the
threshold frequency of silver
 Wien's Displacement Law
 Wien's displacement law is a law of physics that states that there is an
inverse relationship between the wavelength of the peak of the emission
of a black body and its temperature. lmax = 0.002898 / T
 where T is the temperature of the black body in kelvin (K) and lmax is the
peak wavelength in meters. The 0.002898 is a proportionality constant
with units m×K.
 Basically, the hotter an object is, the shorter the wavelength at which it
will emit radiation. For example, the surface temperature of the sun is
5780 K, giving a peak at 500 nm. This is fairly in the middle of the visual
spectrum, due to the spread resulting in white light. Due to the Rayleigh
scattering of blue light by the atmosphere this white light is separated
somewhat, resulting in a blue sky and a yellow sun. A lightbulb has a
glowing wire with a somewhat lower temperature, resulting in yellow light,
and something that is "red hot" is again a little less hot.
 Although the law was first formulated by Wilhelm Wien, today we it derive
it from Planck's law of black body radiation.
Hydrogen Atomic Spectrum

Bohr’s theory of the structure of the

hydrogen atom
H

Hg

Ne
Johann Balmer, 1885

Where n = 3,4,5,…