4) Helicase
5) Topoisomerase
Eukaryotic chromosomes have
multiple origins of replication
1. True
2. False
In what direction is the newly
synthesized DNA produced?
1. 5'-3'
2. 3'-5'
1. Phosphate group
2. Hydroxyl group
3. Nitrogen base
4. Methyl group
What is the sequence (1 to 6) in which
these proteins function during DNA
replication
Start Stop
3’
5’
3’
RNA strand
5’ RNA
Polymerase 5’
Promoter
3’
DNA vs RNA
• Components of DNA
• Sugar (2’-deoxyribose)
• Nitrogenous Base (A,G,C,T)
• Phosphate group
• Components of RNA
• Sugar (ribose)
• Nitrogenous Base (A,G,C,Uracil)
• RNA does not contain thymine
• Phosphate group
DNA vs RNA continued
• Structural Characteristics of DNA
• Double stranded
• Base-pairing rules apply (A:T & G:C)
• Structural Characteristics of RNA
• Primarily single stranded
• Limited base-pairing (G:C & A:U)
Why does DNA contain thymine and RNA
uracil?
1. Uracil is energetically less
expensive to produce than
thymine
2. Uracil is readily produced by
chemical degradation of cytosine
Cytosine Uracil 3. Thymine has a greater
resistance to photochemical
mutation, making the genetic
message more stable.
Transcription and Translation in
Prokaryotes
3’
5’
AUACCGAUGAAGACGAGGCCC…………………….UGA
UAA
Lys-Thr- Arg- Pro UAG
Figure 6.8
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
• Brings amino acids to the ribosome so it can build proteins
• It has Anticodons
• 3 nucleotide sequence
complementary to the mRNA
codon
Protein Synthesis
Figure 6.8
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
• Makes up ribosomes
Wobble base pair
• A wobble base pair is a pairing
between
two nucleotides in RNA molecules
that does not follow Watson-
Crick base pair rules.
• 5‘ base on the anticodon was not
as spatially confined as the other
two bases.
Making a protein
• mRNA from nucleus goes through cytoplasm to the ribosome
mRNA start codon AUG signals beginning of protein
Do we need new mRNA every time?
• NO
• The same mRNA may be used to make many copies of the same protein.
DNA→RNA→Protein
• DNA is TRANSCRIBED to messenger RNA (mRNA)
• mRNA carries the message to tranfer RNA (tRNA)
• tRNA is TRANSLATED to an amino acid chain, which makes up proteins
• The basic mechanics of transcription and translation are similar in
eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
• Because bacteria lack nuclei, transcription and translation are
coupled.
• Ribosomes attach to the leading end of a mRNA molecule while
transcription is still in progress.
Fig. 17.2a
In Eukaryotes, transcription and translation
happens in what part of the cell?
a) In the nucleus
b) Outside the nucleus
c) In the ribosome
d) Outside the cell membrane
What is wobble base pair? (5 pts)
Give and tell about the sites in the ribosome
that is needed in translation?
Give the RNA that are needed in translation
and their function (2 pts)
What is a codon? (5 pts)
In a bacteria, where does transcription and
translation happens? (2 pts)
a) In the nucleus
b) Outside the nucleus
c) In the ribosome
d) Outside the cell membrane
Given the mRNA strand, what will be the name
of the peptide that will be produced?
5’-AUGACAAACCGUAAA-3’
5’- GCCGUAAUCAAAGAU-3’