Geometry

Euclidean
Geometry
8 Postulates of Euclidean Plane
Lines and Planes
 At least 2 points determine a line
 At least 3 points determine a plane

Skew Lines vs. Parallel Lines

 Parallel lines always lie on one plane
 Skew lines can never be on the same plane
Lines
Triangles
 Pythagorean Theorem
Triangle Inequality
 In mathematics, the triangle inequality states that for any triangle, the sum of the
lengths of any two sides must be greater than or equal to the length of the
remaining side.

• It also follows that the difference between two sides

should always be less than the third side.
Congruence (SAS, ASA, SSS)

 SAS
 If two sides in one triangle are congruent with the corresponding sides of
another triangle and the included angle in both are congruent, then
the two triangles are congruent.
Congruence (SAS, ASA, SSS)

 ASA
 Triangles are congruent if any two angles and their included side are
equal in both triangles.
Congruence (SAS, ASA, SSS)

 SSS
 Triangles are congruent if any two angles and their included side are
equal in both triangles.
Area and Perimeter
Similarity
 Angle equal
 Sides proportional or have a common scale factor
Trigonometry
Trigonometry
Parallelism
Assignment
Assignment
 Solution:
Vertical Angles: <1 and <3, <2 and <4, <6 and <8, <7 and <9

 Alternate Interior Angles: <3 and <6, <4 and <5

Assignment
Alternate Exterior Angles: <1 and <8, <2 and <7

 Corresponding Angles: <1 and <6, <2 and <5, <4 and <7, <3 and <8
Assignment
Supplementary Angles: <1 and <2, <4 and <3, <6 and <5, <7 and <8,
<1 and <4, <2 and <3, <6 and <7, <5 and <8

*As long as they form as straight lines.

Assignment

Solution:
a.) Pythagorean Theorem

𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2

where c is the hypotenuse

Then,
𝑐 2 = 162 + 302
𝑐 2 = 1156
𝑐 = 34 𝑐𝑚
Assignment

Solution:
b.) Perimeter: Add the three sides

𝑎 = 16, 𝑏 = 30, 𝑐 = 34

Then,
𝑃 = 16 + 30 + 34
𝑃 = 80 𝑐𝑚
Assignment

Solution:
C.) Area: Use formula.

1
𝐴 = 2 𝑏ℎ
Note that b and h should be the legs.
1
𝐴 = 16 30
2
𝐴 = 240 𝑐𝑚2
Assignment

Solution:
Note that equilateral triangle has three equal sides.

a.) Perimeter: Add the sides:

𝑃 = 12 + 12 + 12
𝑃 = 36 𝑚
Assignment

Solution:
Note that the interior angles of an equilateral triangles are all 60 degrees.

b.) Height:

ℎ = 6 tan(60) 𝑃 = 36 𝑚
ℎ=6 3m
𝑃 = 12 + 12 + 12
Assignment

Solution:

c.) Area

122 3
𝐴=
4

144 3
𝐴= 4

𝐴 = 36 3 m2
Assignment

Solution:
a.) Radius

𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
64𝜋 = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑟 2 = 64
𝑟 = 8 𝑓𝑡.

b.) Circumference
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟
𝐶 = 2𝜋 8
𝐶 = 16𝜋 𝑓𝑡.
Assignment

 Solution: Find the area of the rectangle minus the area of the circle.

Area of the rectangle:

𝐴1 = 𝑏ℎ = (7)(16)
𝐴1 = 112 𝑚2
Area of the circle:
2
2
7
𝐴2 = 𝜋𝑟 = 𝜋
2
49𝜋 2
𝐴2 = 𝑚
4
Area of the shaded region:
448 − 49𝜋 2
𝐴 = 𝐴1 − 𝐴2 = 𝑚
4
Assignment:

Solution:
a.)
𝑏1 + 𝑏2
𝐴= ℎ
2
12 + 16
𝐴= 5
2
𝐴 = 14 5 𝑐𝑚2
Assignment:

Solution:
b.) Find AC and BE.
𝐴𝐶 = 𝐵𝐸 = 3 𝑐𝑚

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝐴𝐶 + 𝐵𝐸 + 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐶𝐸
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 3 + 3 + 12 + 16
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 34 𝑐𝑚
Assignment

 Solution:
∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≈ ∆𝐴𝐷𝐸
Then,
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶
=
𝐴𝐷 𝐷𝐸

4 8
=
10 𝑥

4𝑥 = 8 10

𝑥 = 20
Assignment

Solution:
A. Solve for x.
𝑥 2 + 72 = 252
𝑥 = 24
Assignment

Solution:
b.

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 7 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 25
sin 𝜃 = = sec 𝜃 = =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 24 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 7

𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 24 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 25
cos 𝜃 = = c𝑠𝑐 𝜃 = =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 25 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 24

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 7 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 24
tan 𝜃 = = cot 𝜃 = =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 24 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 7
Non-Euclidean
Geometry
Euclidean vs. Non-Euclidean

 2D VS 3D
Application of Non-Euclidian
Projective Geometry
 Projective geometries are characterised by the "elliptic parallel"
axiom, that any two planes always meet in just one line, or in the
plane, any two lines always meet in just one point. In other words,
there are no such things as parallel lines or planes in projective
geometry.
Central Perspectivity
Rigid Motions
Do not change the shape or size of the pre-image
Translation, Rotation, Reflection
Non-Rigid Motions
Change the size but not the shape of the pre-image.
Projective Geometry as
Mathematical System
Existence Postulates and Incidence
Postulates
Duality
Example: Duality Statements
Example: Duality Figures
Finite Geometry
 A finite geometry is a geometry with a finite number of points.
Topology
 In mathematics, topology is
concerned with the
properties of space that are
preserved under continuous
deformations, such as
stretching, crumpling and
bending, but not tearing or
gluing.
Topologically Equivalent
Topological Properties
Mobius Strip
 One sided surface.
Klein Bottle
 One sided surface. This bottle has an
outside but no inside.
Assignment

 A. Hyperbolic
 B. Projective
 C. Euclidean
 D. Topology
 E. Elliptic