Mechanics

Loadings

3 Basic Types of Loadings

 Static
 Dynamic
 Environmental

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Static Loadings

1. Slowly applied
2. Sustained for period of time
3. Slowly removed

Classifications Applied
Constant
Stress
 Dead Loads
t
 Live Loads

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Dynamic Loadings

Applied
Stress
1. Impulse or Shock t
2. Vibration to

 Random

Applied
Transient

Stress
 Transient t
 Periodic
Periodic

Applied Amplitude t
Stress

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Environmental Loadings
Physical
Chemical

Many Classifications
 Thermal,
Moisture…
 Abrasion,
Hydraulic…
 Oxidation, Acid,
Base…
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Static Forces and Stresses

Flexure Stress,  = Mc/I

Bending Shear  = VQ/It
Direct Compression Stress,  = -P/A
Direct Tension Stress,  = P/A
Torsional Shear  = Tr/Ip

CE 336
Review of Mechanics

Equilibrium (internal vs. external)

 Combined Stresses
Yield, (0.2% offset)
 Elastic Limit,
 Proportional Limit,
Limitations of elastic theory

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Stress vs. Strain
Linear

Non-Linear
ult
y

y ult
0.002 
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Overview of Mechanics

Modulus of
Elasticity
 tangent

 secant

 chord

Shear Modulus

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Overview of Mechanics

Elastic
Plastic
Ductility
Toughness
Resilience
Hardening

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Elasticity

Ability to store energy and recover

strain when unloaded

Perfectly elastic materials return to

their original geometry when fully
unloaded.

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Plasticity

Ability to absorb energy upon

loading

Perfectly plastic materials maintain

the deflected shape after loading is
removed.

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Ductility
The ability to sustain plastic
deformation without fracture
 = ult/y

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Toughness
Toughness: Mechanical measure of
total absorbed and stored energy at
fracture

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Resilience
Resilience: Mechanical measure of
storing energy at yield

CE 336
Review of Mechanics

Deformations and Strains, = E

 Flexural, Mx/EI = 
 (plane sections remain plane)

 Compression and Tensile, /L = 

 Shear deformations
G (distortions)
 Poisson Strains l = x

CE 336
Review of Mechanics

Poisson ratio
concrete = 0.15
steel = 0.25
Dilatation (cubical
dilation)
e = (V’-V)/V
e = ex(1-2)

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Generalized Hooke’s Law
 x    y   z 
x 
E
 y    x   z 
y 
E
 z    x   y 
z 
E
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Elastic vs. Plastic Behavior

y
Linear
Non-Linear

y 

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Environmental/Mechanical Strain

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

Creep,
Shrinkage,
Relaxation
Chemical Resistance

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Review of Mechanics

Stiffness: Load necessary to cause

a unit deformation
 Modulus
 Shape, I, J, L, e.g. EI/L or AG
 Restrain Conditions
Distribution of Forces according to
Stiffness

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Review of Mechanics

Material Compatibility in composite

Material Compatibility in
environments

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Ductility and Fracture Characteristics

Ductile Behavior
Advantages and Disadvantages

Brittle Behavior
Advantages and Disadvantages

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