functions.
wound healing.
Four steps:
1. Vascular spasm (vasoconstriction)
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Clot formation (blood clotting)
4. Clot retraction
Platelets
Platelets (thrombocytes) are minute discs 1 to 4
μm in diameter.
Formed in the bone marrow from
megakaryocytes,
The normal concentration of platelets in the
blood is between 150,000 and 400,000 per μL.
COMPONENTS
1. Actin and myosin molecules.
2. Residuals of both the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi apparatus.
3. Mitochondria and enzymes that are capable of forming ATP.
4. Fibrin-stabilizing factor.
5. A coat of glycoproteins that repulses adherence to normal endothelium.
6. Half life of 8 to 12 days.
Platelet or Thrombocyte Physiology
• Begin to swell;
• Assume irregular forms with numerous irradiating pseudopods;
• Release granules that contain multiple active factors;
• Become sticky and adhere to collagen in the tissues and to a protein
called von Willebrand factor that leaks into the traumatized tissue
from the plasma;
• Secrete large quantities of ADP;
• Enzymes form thromboxane A2.
• ADP and thromboxane in turn act on nearby platelets to activate
them as well.
Inactive Platelet
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Physiological Hemostasis
*Definition: The process from vessel bleeding to automatic hemostasia.
* Process of hemostasis:
1. Blood vessel contraction or convulsion (induced by neuroreflex; 5-
hydroxytryptamine (5-HT); thromboxane A2 (TXA2); endothelin (ET ).
Reduced
Plt-Fusion Thromibn,
Blood flow
Fibrin
Definition: The process of blood flow from flowing liquid to gel or gelatin.
Serum: Light yellow fluid after blood coagulation.
Difference between serum and plasma mainly consists in no fibrinogen in
serum.
Blood coagulation: is a series of complicated biochemical reactions with
various enzymes.
Blood clotting enzymes have two type: inactive and activated type (FII,
FVII, FIX, FX, FXI, FXII, FXIII).
Blood Coagulation
COMMON PATHWAY
Thrombin
Fibrinogen Fibrin
PLATELETS CLOT
VESSEL WALL
Mechanism of Blood Coagulation
Anticoagulative system in blood
1-Antithrombin (III).
2-Heparin and heparin like substance.
3-Alpha 1 antitypsin.
4-Alpha 2 macroglobulin
1.Antithrombin III
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Hemophilia A Hemophilia C
(factor XI deficiency,
(factor VIII deficiency) Hemophilia B mild bleeding tendency).
(factor IX deficiency or "Christmas
disease")
2. von Willebrand disease
31
3. Deficiency of Vitamin K
may also contribute to bleeding disorders because
clotting factor maturation depends on Vitamin K.
4. Liver diseases:
Some clotting factors; II, IX, VII, X are synthesized
in liver
Liver diseases deficiency of these factors
bleeding disorders.