Oral Birth to 1 ½ yrs. Activities involving the mouth, Excessive smoking, overeating,
such as sucking, biting, and or dependence on others
chewing
Genital Adolescence and The genitals; sexual urges No fixations at this stage
Adulthood return
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development
Stage Basic Conflict / Important Outcome
Developmental Events
Struggles
Infancy (birth to 18 Trust vs. Mistrust Feeding Children develop a sense of trust when
months) I can trust others and thus caregivers provide reliability, care, and
myself, vs. I can’t trust, my affection. A lack of this will lead to
needs are unworthy mistrust.
Early Childhood (2 to 3 Autonomy vs. Shame and Toilet Children need to develop a sense of
years) Doubt Training personal control over physical skills and a
“I am,” and “I can,” and sense of independence. Success leads to
that’s good, vs. “ I can’t and feelings of autonomy, failure results in
I am bad feelings of shame and doubt.
Preschool (3 to 5 years) Initiative vs. Guilt Exploration Children need to begin asserting control
I can control my busyness, and power over the environment. Success
vs. what I do is bad in this stage leads to a sense of purpose.
Children who try to exert too much power
experience disapproval, resulting in a
sense of guilt.
School Age (6 to 11 Industry vs. Inferiority School Children need to cope with new social and
years) I can make friends and do academic demands. Success leads to a
things well, vs. nobody likes sense of competence, while failure results
me and I’m stupid in feelings of inferiority.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development
Adolescence Identity vs. Role Confusion Social Teens needs to develop a sense of self
(12 to 18 I am in tune with myself, Vs I am Relationships and personal identity. Success leads to an
years) confused, a nobody ability to stay true to yourself, while
failure leads to role confusion and a weak
sense of self.
Young Intimacy vs. Isolation Relationships Young adults need to form intimate,
Adulthood (19 I share who I am with special loving relationships with other people.
to 40 years) others, vs. I am alone and I have Success leads to strong relationships,
nothing to share while failure results in loneliness and
isolation.
Middle Generativity vs. Stagnation Work and Adults need to create or nurture things
Adulthood (40 I am making a contribution, vs. it Parenthood that will outlast them, often by having
to 65 years) only matters if it matters to me. children or creating a positive change
that benefits other people. Success leads
to feelings of usefulness and
accomplishment, while failure results in
shallow involvement in the world.
Maturity(65 to Ego Integrity vs. Despair Reflection on Older adults need to look back on life and
death) This was my life and I am okay with Life feel a sense of fulfillment. Success at this
it, vs. I am filled with regret, I failed stage leads to feelings of wisdom, while
failure results in regret, bitterness, and
despair.
HAVIGHURST’S DEV’T. TASK
1. Achieving new and more mature
relations with age mates of both
sexes.
2. Achieving the masculine or
feminine social role
3. Accepting one’s physique and
using one’s body effectively.
4. Achieving emotional independence
from parents and other adults.
5. Preparing for marriage and family
life.
6. Preparing for an economic career.
7. Acquiring a set of values and an
ethical system as a guide to
behaviour-developing ideology.
8. desiring, accepting, and achieving
socially responsible behaviour.
3 STAGES IN THE EARLY ADOLESCENCE, MIDDLE
& LATE ADOLESCENCE
THE BRAIN:
• It makes up a significant part in the CNS
that serves as the human body’s
command center.
• It is a 3 pound organ encased in the
human skull and filled with the Cerebro
Spinal Fluid (CSF)
• The brain requires 20% of the
total blood supply as it cannot
hold its own oxygen supply.
• Hence seconds of oxygen loss
which is being supplied by the
RBC can lead to severe brain
damage and even death.
Three (3) basic unit of the brain:
1. Forebrain
2. Midbrain
3. Hindbrain
Note:
the brain is plastic & flexible as it can grow
billions of neurons as a result of one’s learning
experiences.
2 HEMISPHERES OF THE HUMAN BRAIN