UNIX Basics

m

m
? Ý
?
?
?

?

?
?
?

?
!
? "#$ $
? $
? % $

?
& $
?
? $' ($ )*+ ,

? Æ

?
m
?
Ý
?

? !"#$%mm&m'!
"($)
? Æ
Æ*+
? + ,
? +- "($)m%
? . "($)
g
? ,
? /
? 0
? Æ
? %
? 1

? m

?
?
?

?
2
9
? 2
1
3
? 9 2
Æ 3
? ë 2 # 3
?
m 2 m% 4

3
? Ô 2 %
53
? g 2 $ ,!
%
3
? m
2 m! 3
? m
"($)*2

3
9

? Ý 2 6*2 % 3
? 2 m 1
$3
? 2 1 # 3
$3
? g !m) 2

%
3
? 9 m mm 2 ,mÆ3
? "7*2

3
9

? !"
? !2
?
? m
? !
? !
9

server
-Several users can use the computer at the same time.

Unix uses time slicing to enhance multi user environment.
9

? !2
lti Taski - Perf r se eral tasks at t e sa e ti e.
0 t 1 t
e tasks are laced i t e back r d w ile t e
ser c ti es t w rk i t e f re r d.
A back r d task is essetially a - iteracti e task.
9

?

8 3
? 9*

? Æ* 3
?
*

3
9

!
T e d lar desi
f t e O/ allws ari s
arts f t e i syste
t be added r re ed
accrdi t req ire et
wit t affecti t e
erfr ae f t er
ets.
g
ñ m
g
"
? m"
User Interactivec
comman s omman s
an ata
rompt utput utput
m
*******************************
***
Ôransfer
,*%
of control
Re uest for
services
"7 ÆÆ

? % "($)
? $
? $
"($)
?
? 2 $9 Æ
Æ
?

2

? !
?
? 0
? '
? $9
? Æ
? m
m
? m 7

3#2

3
%!!(Æm3
? m

3
m
? $: 3
?

3
?
2
7
3
? :

7 3
? /

3
{

?
"7
"73
?
2 *

,
Æ 13 ;,
# 3
?

, *

, *3
? m
Ôm
*
%
<**7 3
? m

* "73
{

?

?
993 3 3 97
9
9
=3
? Ô m #

?
9932 3 9
?

?
99 3
39 9 99 > 3
? Ô m
?
99333 9 93
Ô m

?
9943 3 9Æ 9 94> 3
{

? &
2
? :99
? & 2
? : :m6'##
9 m
?
3
3
File hierarchy
m m

Ô
?
? Æ
? m
? @
? %
? , 2
? 0$0
9
? !7A
? (

? !

? (

? m
? %

? Æ

*
? 6
? Æ
*
2
? %
? Æ
m

? 9*
? 9* "($)
? 9 * "($)

? 9 *
? 9* %

? 9
*

9
? ' "($)
3
?
7
5$Æ?

@3
? 3 7

3
9 g
? 1

? 1
!
?99
@
? m 1
!
?99
@
? B
C
? '
? Æ

? B
C B C
g ñ
? P P
? ~ [ [X

? '7

?
7? @3
?
* *
* 7 ?33
7@3

? !
? V !
? * !
2
? * !

3
? * !

2
-

- tes Nae eai
?
5

le - tes
le - tes - thi eclse i
le tes reve eai f that characters (except \ a $).
' Sile tes 'Sile tes' - Eclse i sile tes reais chae.
` Bac te
`Bac te` - Ô exec te ca

7
? m

@0

=@,2

? 6
? !
2

? #

8

?

? [ r 2
? ~ 28
?
8

? î 2
8
? ºî 8
? ô 8
? a PP 28
?r

? a PP
2
=A-
ñ
ñ
? m

? ! 2

3
2 3
? 2 3

3
?

2 3
?
? 2 ? @
? ? @
?
?

@
ñ

?

2 3
BDB3
? '3
? :D
? 6
? @
2 2 3
? $
2
B*C
5 2
3'3
? :E
D

BCF
ñ

?

? 3" ? @
? 0
? $

? BFC
3
? '3:F
? 6 2
BC3
? '3:FF
? FF

3
ñ
? 3
? ' B C

3
? / B=FC
<
? ': =F 3
? 6 B C C7
B( C
B C
3
? B=C
3$
G

7

3
¬

¬

m

m

m

m

Examp !
pt
md1 | cmd2 P
pe stdout from one command to std
n of another.
cmd < f
e Read std
n from a f
e.
cmd << text Read std
n unt
reach
ng a
ne
dent
ca to p p .
cmd > f
e Red
rect stdout to a f
e. (overwr
te
f f
e ex
sts)
cmd >> f
e Append stdout to a f
e.
cmd 2>f
e Red
rect stderr to a f
e. (overwr
te
f f
e ex
sts)
cmd 2>>f
e Append stderr to a f
e.

Example Description
cmd1 2>&1 | Pipe stdout and stderr from one command to stdin of another.
cmd2
cmd < f1 > f2 Redirect stdin and stdout simultaneously.
cmd > file 2>&1 Redirect both stdout and stderr to a file. (overwrite if file
exists)
cmd >> file Append both stdout and stderr to a file.
2>&1
cmd > f1 2> f2 Redirect stdout to the file ô and stderr to the file ô . (overwrite
if the files exist)
cmd >> f1 2>> Append stdout to the file ô and append stderr to the file ô .
f2
cmd | tee f1 Redirect stdout to the screen and to the file ô . (overwrites ô
if it exists)
cmd | tee -a f1 Redirect stdout to the screen and append it to the file ô .
£
E m
m ; m E m mm m
{ m ; m ;E} m mm g
m ; m E m mm g
E m g
m m E ~ x E ~ ~
x

x
m m E

~ x E

~ ~ x

? rire Ȃ outrut of one command is surrlied as inrut to
6
another
? tee Ȃ read standard inrut & writes to std o/r & the file of
user choice

Ôo create a Unix user id following information is required

1. User Name
2. User Id
3. Grour Id
4. Home directory
5. Login shell
? User name Ȃ must be unique consisting of 2-8 letters

and numerals
? User id Ȃ Unique user id ranging from 100 to 60,000.
User IDǯs 0-100 reserved for system users
? Grour id Ȃ unique numerical id to which the user
belongs. Ranges from 100-60,000
? Home directory Ȃ identifies userǯs home directory rath
? Login shell Ȃ identifies the user shell
Various shells are:
Bourne shell (sh), korn shell (ksh), C shell (csh), bash shell
(bash)
Ôhe user and grour information is stored in following files:
£ ¬
/etc/rasswd
/etc/shadow
/etc/grours

Àrerates in two modes
w
? Insert mode
? Command mode
Pressing [Esc] key returns the editor in command mode

? Insert before cursor, before line i, I
¬
? Arrend after cursor, after line a, A
? Àren new line after, line before o, À
? Rerlace one char, many char r, R

? Character to right, left x, X
Æ
? Ôo end of line D
? Line dd
? Word dw
Corying is called yanking in vi

Yanking Ôext
? Line yy
? Character
yl
Pasting is referred to as Putting text in vi
Putting Ôext
? Put after rosition or line r
? Put before rosition or line P
? mearch forward /string
m
? mearch backward ?string
? Rereat search in same, reverse directions n, N

Ôhe search and rerlace command is accomrlished with

:s
Ôhe syntax is
:%s/rattern/string/flags
Àr
:start line no., end line no. s/rattern/string/flags
flags Ȃ g, c
? Exit saving changes :wq
-
? Quit (unless changes) :q
? Quit (force, even if unsaved) :q!
? Write (forcibly) :w!

Ô
?

2 HH3

B9C3
? /
:

3
?

2
7
mIJ:/ÆFJ
?

3
? @3

? $ %
? 3
? '3
? '7 %

?

3
? m

? %2*
? %2

? m 6E

g m
? m
7
? 4
? 0
? m %
? m
? / 27
? %

?
?
?
m

?

3
? '3
? : K H

? : K L LH

ÆGMMM%m=GG-
Ý
1

? [

? J [

m
?

?
?

?

?

? !

" 3
ë9
?P
? P

? a 2
? ~
[

? ~ *
? ~

? rJ

9
? ~r
=
? =
?
?
[

? ~

?

?

? P

? r a[
2
? J~ 9 9

G
? rs Ȃ rerort rrocess status

? -e Lists information about all rrocess now running
? -f Full listing
? echo Ȃ echo arguments

? \c Continues the outrut on the same line
? echo ǲHello World!ǳ
? chmod Ȃ change mode

? chmod 755 <filename>
? ls Ȃ directory listing
? -a list all entries including those beginning with .
? -l long listing
G
? cat Ȃ concatenate and disrlay files

? -b number the lines as in Ȃn but omit numbers for blank line
? -s silent about non-existent files
? cat <filename>
? find Ȃ find files
? -name Ôrue if rattern matches the current file name
? -rrint causes current rath name to be rrinted
? find <rathname> -name <filename> -rrint
? grer Ȃ search a file for a rattern
? -l rrint only the name of the file with matching lines
? -v rrint all lines excert those that contain the rattern
? date Ȃ write the date and time
? date Ǯ+%m%d%yǯ
? -u Ȃ disrlay the date in GMÔ
G
? cr Ȃ cory files
? -i interactive cory
? -r cory files and subdirectories
? cr <source_filename> <destination_filename>
? mv Ȃ move files
? -i asks for confirmation before moving if file already exists
? -f move without rromrting
? rm Ȃ remove files
? mame ortions as cr/mv
? who Ȃ who is on the system
? -m Ȃ outrut info about current terminal
? -q Ȃ disrlay only names and number of users currently logged in
? whoami Ȃ disrlay the effective current username
G
? rwd Ȃ rrint working directory

? wc Ȃ line, word and character count in a file
? -l Ȃ count number of lines
? -w Ȃ count number of words
? more Ȃ list file contents by screen

? -c Ȃ clear before disrlaying
? -w Ȃ rromrts and waits for key to be hit before exiting
? diff Ȃ show difference between two files

? -i Ȃ ignore the case of the letters
? -w Ȃ ignore all blanks and sraces
? diff Ȃw <first filename> <second filename>
G
? cut

? -c Ȃ list following c srecifies char rositions eq Ȃc1-72
? -d Ȃ delimiter
? -f Ȃ show fields serarated by delimiter
? cut Ȃc1-10 <filename>
? raste
? -d Ȃ delimiter character
? -s Ȃ concatenate each serarate line in a file into a single line
? raste <first filename> <second filename> > <Àut_filename>
? sort Ȃ sort the file

? -r Ȃ reverse the sorting direction
? -n Ȃ restricts sort key to initial numeric value
G
? tee Ȃ send outrut to terminal and file

? -a Ȃ arrend the outrut to existing file
? uniq Ȃ show unique lines in a file

? -d Ȃ surrress the writing of lines that are not rereated in the inrut
? -u Ȃ surrress the writing of lines that are rereated in the inrut
? exrr Ȃ evaluate an exrression
? head Ȃ outrut beginning of file

? -n number Ȃ the first number of lines will be shown on std outrut
? tail Ȃ outrut end of file

G
? ln Ȃ link to other file

? -f Ȃ link files without questioning the user
? -s Ȃ create a symbolic link
? file Ȃ show the file tyre

? -h Ȃ do not follow symbolic links
? tr Ȃ translate characters
? tr Ǯ[a-z]ǯ Ǯ[A-Z]ǯ < <inrut_filename>
? shift
? alias Ȃ disrlay command aliases

? Works in ksh and csh
? alias dir=Ǯls Ȃl|grer dǯ
ë
? 0
? 6 #2
? %
? (
? m7ln filename linkname
? m #2
? %
?
? m7ln Ȃs filename linkname

? 5
?
?
?

? 4
?
?
? BNC
? '

? '

? '

? '

m m
? mhell mcrirt is $ written

m
. mhell scrirt is just like batch
m file is Mm-DÀm but
have more rower than the Mm-DÀm batch file
? (

? m
2

3
? " 3
? m 3
? 2 3
? m

m
? (
5 3
? ( 4 3
? m I
3
? m :3
? 4 3
? '3
:7IG O
I
: :7 O: 5 3
? P
83
? '
:4I:7:

?
variables 3

3
? '36

3
? 7
Ý

D #Ý

? " 2

Ý
? "72

99

3
? 7

*

D !
" # $

% # $ & '
(

) *
?
7

? '3D +) ' '
D ,-- ' '
? '7

? D
' '
D ' '
D .' '
? %

O 7

3
? / Q
ë g

9
3
3
=3 $ 9

? 9 @3
? ':
? Imm
33 :G
? =I0

33
:
? -Im
33
:=
? :O* 36
:OI=
? "
? @ 2
ñ m
? @ 3
? myntax:
=333 (
? '3:
? /7

5 3
? $ 7 7
3
? $
9
7
m

7 3
? $ value is zero ?G@ 3
? $ value is nonzero

7 9
3
? 7m #$

3
? '3 :
: :Q
$
G BC3
m
mm
e a
a ee mncance
D D

D

D

D

D

D

DD !" "

?

7

3
? myntax: $ ;; =

* % =7
7 4 3
? myntax: RR =

* % =7
*4 73
? ,

RR -
myntax: ;; =74
7 *4
Examrle:

BSC99
RR
$
7

EBSC99
;;
" ;; RR

EBSC99
;; RRT
KL L H
m Ô
? B7C

3
? /

7

3
?
B7C
3
? $

3
? $

4 3

? $ 7
=7
9 #
? myntax: 9#
~ ~

"
"

~ ~
~ ~

~ ~

? myntax:
ô~

~

~~
P ô ~

~

~~
P ô
~ ~
~~
ô

? BC
3
?

Rea na
pe
a 73
eann
? ( $

$
3
$
%"
%"

$
& "
& "
$
m
Ôes x saus

'

'

( '
(
)( '

$
'

9 Ô
Ôes eann

9

!

ë
? #

pe a eann
)
& *'

& !

& *+
m
? 1 !***3
? ) %
? D
~~
~~
~~
~~

? " /0 ) .

m
D
0 1 D 2.3* 4$$
50 1 D 2.6* 4$$
70 1 D 2.- 4$$

0 1 D 3* 4$$
/0 8 D $$

? #
7 3
? myntax:
? *~

command1
command2
command3
ǥ..

? %
B C
? <

U33

9 D ' 6* : 5 6*

;
% D<

ë
? m7
l ! l!

~ ~

" #

? ) 3 %
== $ $ 00

#
$%&

9

? 9

?

!"#$

!"%
"&'(

9

? /

:G:3

? / 73
? 0
3&

3

)

*!"*+**#$

!",-

-

?

? G;=

?

-

2 3

7

? 7
m
%
7D;G O#2
O
7D * O
*

:
7GD;D;* O O
O

? 7
m
%
#10$#'I 37
7F; O#2
O
7F:#10$#' O
*
K# H

7F;D;* O O

O

m

," ""
- - "
- - -"
./0 . 0 -
.)/0 -.) 0 - -
1# -1 #2 - -

," ""
31#2 31 #2
1#2 1 #2
1#2 1 #2 "
)1#2 )1 #2 "
4$ 4 $
m

0
??>>II>=>@@ 5
??>>NI>=>@@ 5
??>>D>=>@@
??>>F>=>@@
??>>DI>=>@@
??>>FI>=>@@
m
m
0
VV>>II>=>WW 5
VV>>NI>=>WW 5
VV>>D>=>WW
VV>>F>=>WW
VV>>I>
>WW
VV>>NI>
>WW
VV*4> >WW
VV*> >WW
V7IE 2I8W 7

V7IE2I8W 7

9

$>7
>
> ?@>
>7
>
> ?@>

> ?@>

9

> >
>
>@> ?@><<
>
=>@> ?@><<
X@ 2<<

9

>7
>

> ?@>

9

> >>>

> ?@>

9

>7
>

> ?@>

:G
:33:
:Y
(

:O
'

:Z:X
P 7 :Q
::
2 :N
ñ
G

=
D;*

F;*
DF
*
=F;
=

PI:YP=IP- mP P=
P P-
:YPQ P;PNI("## :P

7
:YPI PNRPE PI:
:YP* P;PNI :P
:YP[ P;PNI

:YPO

P
P
P
:YP\

P
P
P

! -

? *
? $
7

? m'Æ 22

?@

5
? m7

B C
? m
? ,
? ,

? '7
*
B-5C
E*
-
EB=M
C
**
= M
EB:
C
**

EB-:N
C
**
;=
EEBM
CCGM
CC=G:
C
**
*MG*M;=G*
g
? '7
*
EB99
C
E KH

EB999 9
C
E KH B C

EB99
C
E
; KH

EB9VWV74W9

*
;74
3
B:T

T
(7
CF=*

3
g
'7
*
BT
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
B
* $ X
B99 C
* Æ

B:9 9 =9C
* =
EB9
9
9
=9=C
*/

EE

*$

?

B9D
F9D
F9CDFFDF
? $

B9S9 9CDF
? Æ
2
EB9"799 9
CDF
?

EG
DF

?

G DF
? !2

1DF
? m

-5DF
? Æ2

B9S:9 CDF
9

!

"

5
'
67
5

67 "

5

67
"
"

Ý
? m
72

3
? $!'IL R J93X3X3XT?3XT@3X3X9T9JL

? 2

9

3
? "2

72

3
? $
3
? $ m

B%C
#3
? m7
2
B Y C?@

," ,

? 0 2
1!*'2 ,"
"
," "
% ,"

D ,"

5 "

.0 &
4$ ,"

3 ,"

,"

a k a abe eann
2
9 &", "

+8
"1!

2
*98 *
1-
2
*+8 *
1!

2
"+ "

"9 "

*9,' *

98 9 "1-
9 2
"

? 2 9

!

12 +

$12 +
" $

" +
"
""

"12 +
"
""
1 8 8

&2

1 2

1
8

2
1: +
<

;2

? 2
? " 2
?

? 2

*0 0 m

* $ 2

1% % 1P #

? 2 pe mncance
a
6 & "
6( & "
$
7 %"
7( %"
$
(( $
)( "$

? 1 7
myntx:
? @
Y
m
m=
m(
"'

Y
m
m=
m(
0#m'

ë
? 0

2
? m7
?7
< <7
=@
Y
m
m=
m(

ë
? m7
? @

Y

=
(
% "'

?2

UNIX Basics

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

UNIX Basics

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

m 

? % $

-Several users can use the computer at the same time.

 lti Taski - Perf r se eral tasks at t e sa e ti e.

?  Æ*     3

 *  

rompt utput utput

"7  ÆÆ 

  2

      

? Ô m      # 

Ô m 

? &        2

?      3      7

? '         

Pressing [Esc] key returns the editor in command mode

? Àren new line after, line before o, À

? Rerlace one char, many char r, R

Pasting is referred to as Putting text in vi

? Rereat search in same, reverse directions n, N

? Quit (force, even if unsaved) :q!

? Write (forcibly) :w!

? '7  %  

? : K L LH

? [     

? echo Ȃ echo arguments

? chmod Ȃ change mode

? more Ȃ list file contents by screen

? diff Ȃ show difference between two files

? sort Ȃ sort the file

? uniq Ȃ show unique lines in a file

? exrr Ȃ evaluate an exrression

? head Ȃ outrut beginning of file

? tail Ȃ outrut end of file

? file Ȃ show the file tyre

? alias Ȃ disrlay command aliases

? (   

? '7  

? =I0      

? / 7 

       

? $  value is nonzero      

?    7m   #$ 

? myntax: $   ;;  =

? myntax:   RR  =

~  ~ 

 % "

 9  

   

  

? "   /0     )       .

? G;=     

7F;D;* O      O  

 >  >> >

D;*   

?      

? Æ  2 

? $!'IL R J93X3X3XT?3XT@3X3X9T9JL

? "2   

 1 8 8

 1%   %  1P #   

 ?  @

Anda mungkin juga menyukai

m

? % $

lti Taski - Perf r se eral tasks at t e sa e ti e.

? Æ* 3

*

"7 ÆÆ

2

? Ô m #

Ô m

? & 2

? 3 7

? '

? '7 %

? : K L LH

? [

? (

? '7

? =I0

? /7

? $ value is nonzero

? 7m #$

? myntax: $ ;; =

? myntax: RR =

~ ~

%"

9

? " /0 ) .

? G;=

7F;D;* O O

> >>>

D;*

?

? Æ2

? $!'IL R J93X3X3XT?3XT@3X3X9T9JL

? "2

1 8 8

1% % 1P #

? @