• RC Circuit
• Differentiating ckt (high pass ckt)
– i/p – pulse, o/p – spikes (+ve and –ve)
– High ferq. Components at the o/p (XC α 1/F)
– Vo = RC dv/dt
• Integrating ckt (low pass ckt)
– i/p – pulse, o/p – triangle
– Vo = V {1- (e-t/RC)}
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Multivibrators
• Two stage switching circuits
• Types
– Astable multivibrator
– Monostable multivibrator
– Bistable multivibrator
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Astable Multivibrator
• Astable – free running multivibrator
• Generates Sq. wave without Ext.pulse
• No stable states
• Two quasi stable states
• Applications
– V –F converter
– Harmonic Freq- higher order-filter design is simple
– Construction of digital Voltmeter and SMPS
– Oscillator –wide range of AF and RF
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Astable Multivibrator
• Ckt imbalance
• At t=0, Q1- on, Q2 – off, VC1 = VCE(sat) VC2 = VCC VB1= VBE(sat),
VB2 exponentially increases
• At t=t1, Q1- off, Q2 – on, VC1 = VCC VC2 = VCE(sat)
VB2 = VBE(sat) VB1 exponentially increases
• Regenerative
• T1 = R1 C1 ln 2 = 0.693 R1 C1
• T2 = R2 C2 ln 2 = 0.693 R2 C2
• T = T1+T2 = 0.693 (R1 C1 + R2 C2 )
• T= 1.386RC (Since R1 = R2 = R and C1 = C2 = C)
• F = 1/T = 1/1.386 RC
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Monostable multivibrator
• One stable state
• One quasi stable state
• One-shot multivibrator or univibrator
• Does not generate Sq. wave
• Generates rect. Wave (only ext. pulse)
• Application
– Adj. Pulse width generator
– Generate uniform width pulse from a variable width
i/p pulse train
– Clean and sharp pulses from distorted pulses
– Time delay
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Monostable multivibrator
• Q1 and Q2 – identical, RC1 = RC2
• o/p of Q2 is coupled to the i/p at the base of Q1
through Resitive attenuator
• C1 – small speed up capacitor
• To speed up the transition
• R2 and (–VBB) - Q1 off
• R and +VCC – Q2 on
• Stable State
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Monostable multivibrator
• +ve trigger pulse of short duration & sufficient
magnitude is applied to Q1 through C2
• Q1 starts conducting, VC1 decreases
• It decreases F.B on Q2, Q2 – off
Bistable Multivibrator
• Two stable state
• To switch from one state to another state (Trigger
pulse)
• Applications
– Memory elements in shifter & counter
– Generate Sq. wave (Sym)
• Width can be altered
– Freq. divider
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Bistable Multivibrator
• o/p of Q2 is coupled to base of Q1 through R2
• Triggering pulse – transition from one state to
other
• C1 and C2 – to improve switching charc.
– passing high freq.component
– Allows fast rise time and fall time
– Commutating capacitors or
– Transpose capacitors
• Regenerative action - Q1 is on and Q2 is off
• It is a stable state.
• It will remain in this state untill a trigger pulse is
applied.
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Bistable Multivibrator
• +ve triggering pulse to reset the i/p.
• Q2 is on , Increase IC and decrease VC, Q1 is off
• Second stable state.
• Reverse transition can be obtained – (-ve
pulse)
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Schmitt Trigger
• Generation of Sq. waveform from a sine i/p.
• Bistable ckt
• Two transistor switches are connected
regeneratively.
• Applications
– Wave shaping circuits
– Generation of Rectangular waveform from sine or any
other waveform
– Voltage comparator
– Digital ckt (free from noise)
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Schmitt Trigger
• Two identical Transistors Q1 and Q2.
• It is coupled through an RE
• R1 & R2 – Voltage divider across VC1
• Supply is on, no i/p signal, Q2 is on and Q1 is off.
• VC1 = VCC and VC2= VSAT + VRE
• A.C. signal is applied to base of Q1,
• Vi above upper triggering point (UTP)- Q1 is on
and Q2 is off
• Vi below lower triggering point (LTP) – Q1 is off
and Q2 is on
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Hysteresis of Schmitt Trigger
• VH – Diff b/w UTP and LTP
• VH – Dead zone of Schmitt trigger
• Hysteresis - Lag of lower threshold voltage
from upper threshold voltage
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Clippers
Used to clip certain portion of the waveform
without distorting the remaining part of the
waveform
TYPES OF CLIPPERS
1.Positive clippers
2. Negative clippers
Clippers
• Ability to “clip”(cut short/crop) off a portion on the input
signal
a) Series clippers
• Parallel Clippers