PANCA INDRA

BAGIAN ANATOMI FK UNUD

PANCA INDRA TERDIRI DARI :

1.MATA (PENGLIHATAN)
 n. opticus (reseptor sel rod dan cone
di retina)
2.TELINGA (PENDENGARAN)
 n. cochlearis (organon Corti/cochlea)
3.HIDUNG (PENGHIDU)
 n. olfactorius (mucosa nasi superior)
4.LIDAH (PENGECAP)
n. facialis & n. glossopharyngeus
(taste bud di mucosa corpus dan radix
linguae)
5. KULIT (PERABA)
• nyeri  free nerve ending
• panas  Ruffini
• Dingin  Krause
• raba halus  Meissner
• Tekan  Paccini
• proprioceptive / posisi sendi  muscle’s
spindle
 MATA
• bulbus oculi  di dalam orbita
• dilindungi oleh palpebra  sup. & inf.
• gld. lacrimalis
• bulbus oculi tdd. 3 lapisan :
1.tunica fibrosa (cornea & sclera)
2. lamina vasculosa
3. tunica sensoria / retina
• bulbus oculi berisi : refractive media (tdd.
cornea, aqueous humor, lensa, corpus vitreous)
 Indra penglihatan
• Eye: terdiri dari visual receptors
– Dibantu oleh accessory organ dlm
menjalankan fungsinya
• Visual accessory organs
– Eyelids, lacrimal apparatus (protects eye),
extrinsic muscles (move eye)
 OTOT ORBITA
• M. Levator Palpebrae Sup.

• Mm. Recti (Sup., Inf., Med., Lat.)

• Mm. Obliqui (Sup., Inf.)

 Extrinsic eye muscles
Muscle Movement Nerve
Superior Depresses eye, IV (Trochlear)
oblique turns laterally
Lateral rectus Turns laterally VI (Abducens)
Medial rectus Turns medially III (Oculomotor)
Superior rectus Elevates III (Oculomotor)
Inferior rectus Depresses eye III (Oculomotor)
Inferior oblique Elevates eye, turns III (Oculomotor)
laterally
M&M, fig. 16.4
 Support/Maintenance of Eye
• Eyebrows (alis): pelindung, fungsi perspirasi
• Eyelids (palpebrae): skin, m.Levator palpebrae superior
utk membuka mata
• Canthus (plural canthi): sudut mata
– Tarsal glands menghasilkan “minyak sehingga mata tidak
cepat mengering
• Eyelashes (bulu mata)—touch sensitive, sehingga
mudah mengedip
 Support of Eye--conjunctiva
• Membran mukosa melapisi
permukaan dlm palpebra
• Lapisan tipis jaringan ikat yg diliputi
epitel berlapis silindris (stratified
columnar epithelium)
• Sangat tipis & transparan, shg
terlihat pembuluh darah di
bawahnya
• Sel goblet pd epitel menghs mukus
shg menjaga kelembaban mata
• Vitamin A perlu utk sekresi epitel,
defisiensi vit A menyebabkan
kekeringan conjunctiva
Support of eye—tears (air mata)
M&M, fig. 16.5

• Lacrimal glands—
superficial/lateral in
orbit, menghasilkan air
mata
• Lacrimal duct
(nasolacrimal duct) —
ujung medial mata,
membawa air mata ke
nasal cavity
• Air mata mengandung
mukus, antibodi,
lisosim/lysozyme (anti-
bakteri)
 Eye as lens/optical device

1 6
2 34
`
` `` 5
`
Light path: Cornea  Anterior segment  Pupil 
Lens  Posterior segment  Retina
 Perjalanan cahaya dari luar
sampai ke retina :
Cornea  aqueous humor  pupil 
lensa  retina  n. opticus  chiasma
opticus  tractus opticus  corpus
geniculatum laterale  radiatio optica 
cortex penglihatan.
 Struktur mata
• Sclera (fibrous tunic): jaringan ikat berbentuk bola yg
membentuk bgn luar bola mata
– Mirip dgn “pembungkus” kamera
– Berhubungan dgn duramater
• Cornea: bgn anterior sclera yg transparan, scratched
cornea is typical sports injury
• Choroid (internal to sclera/cornea)
– Banyak vaskularisasinya
– Berpigmen
• Ciliary body: memegang lensa
• Iris: bgn mata yg berwarna antara lensa dan kornea,
melekat pd dasar ciliary body
• Pupil: lubang pd bgn tengah iris
• Retina: sensoris, berespon thd sinar dan mengirimkan
sinyal visual itu ke otak
 Detail: Aperture and focus
APERTURE
• Perubahan bentuk
pupil krn kerja otot
otonom intrinsik:
- Simpatis: dilator
pupillae
– Parasimpatis:
sphinchter pupillae
M&M, fig. 16.8
(animation of lens
http://artsci.shu.edu/biology/Student%20Pages/Kyle%20Keenan/eye/lensmovementnrve.html )
 Fokus mata
• Ciliary muscles pada ciliary body menarik lensa
utk melihat jarak jauh
• Elastisitas lensa membawa lensa kembali dekat
ke fokus
• Seiring dgn pertambahan umur, lensa makin
kurang elastis, fokus kurang jelas, terjadi far-
sighted
 Kelainan mata
• Miopia (near • Hiperopia (far
sighted), rabun sighted), rabun
jauh: dekat:
- bayangan difokuskan - fokus jatuh di blk
di depan retina retina
- Kekuatan refraksi - kekuatan refraksi
mata terlalu kuat mata lemah
- aksis bola mata - Aksis bola mata
terlalu panjang terlalu pendek
- Kacamata lensa (-) - kacamata lensa (+),
cekung (convex)
• Astigmatisme: refraksi tdk sama pd
berbagai meridian eyeball, kacamata
silinder
• Presbiopia: hyperopia pd ortu, seiring dg
berjalannya umur, lensa menjadi kurang
elastis, tdk dpt akomodasi, sulit fokus,
mulai umur 40-an.
 Retina dan photoreceptors
• Retina adalah tonjolan otak
• Neuron memiliki reseptor khusus
– Rod cells berfungsi dlm gelap
– Cone cells mengenali 3 warna utama :blue, red, green
• Photoreceptors ada pada bagian choroid yang berpigmen
• Axons meninggalkan retina pada optic disc (blind spot,
bintik buta)
• Fovea centralis sejajar dengan lensa, mrp suatu tempat di
mana sinar difokuskan dan jumlah sel cone – nya paling
banyak
• Pembuluh darah retina  diabetes
 Retina and
photoreceptors

M&M, fig. 16.10

Extrinsic muscles of the right eye (lateral view)
Figure 16.8
The visual pathway includes the optic nerve, optic chiasma, optic tract, and optic
radiations.
 sclera (white of the eye)

cornea
Sense of Hearing
 TELINGA (EAR)
• merupakan organ vestibulocochlearis
(keseimbangan/equilibrium dan
pendengaran/hearing)

• Telinga dibagi menjadi:

1. telinga luar (external ear): utk hearing
2. telinga tengah (middle ear): utk hearing
3. telinga dalam (internal/inner ear): utk
hearing & equilibrium
TELINGA L U A R (external ear)
• 1. auricle (pinna)
 helix, concha tragus,lobule
• 2. meatus acusticus externa
 hair, kel sebacea, ceruminous glands
 disebut jg canalis auditorius external
The Outer (External) Ear

Figure 16.17a
 Ear/Hearing

M&M, fig. 16.17

• Outer Ear: auricle/auricula  cartilago, elastis, melekat pd dermis,

mengumpulkan suara
• Middle ear: tdd tulang2 pendengaran, utk transmisi & modulasi suara
• Inner ear: cochlea, ampullae & semicircular canals utk menerima impuls
suara dan keseimbangan
Major parts of the ear
Ceruminous glands menghasilkan cerumen – ear wax
TELINGA TENGAH
(middle ear)
1. cavum tympani
 berisi : auditory bone (malleus, incus,stapes)
 berada di pars petrosa os temporalis
2. membran timpani
 batas antara telinga luar dan tengah)
 membran semitransparan

Pharyngotympanic tube (auditory or eustachian tube)

 tuba auditiva
 Menghubungkan telinga tengah dan pharynx

* Auditory Ossicles (Malleus, Incus, Stapes)

– transmisi vibrasi (getaran suara)
Auditory Ossicles bridge the tympanic membrane and the inner ear.
 Auditory Tube
• Disebut jg tuba eustachius
• Menghubungkan telinga tengah dgn pharynx
 Auditory tube
• Membantu mempertahankan supaya
tekanan udara sama antara kedua sisi
membran timpani  bisa dirasakan ketika
Anda mendengar suara pop ketika terjadi
perubahan ketinggian secara cepat,
misalnya take off & landing saat naik
pesawat)
• Nasopharyngitis bisa menyebabkan OMA
krn penyebaran melalui tuba ini.
Structures of the Middle Ear

Figure 16.17b
The Middle Ear

• Ear ossicles – tulang

yg terkecil pd tubuh
– Malleus – melekat pd
membran timpani
– Incus – antara malleus
dan stapes
– Stapes –
menggetarkan oval
window

Figure 16.19
 Middle Ear
• Otot-otot yg
menghambat vibrasi
ketika suara terlalu
keras:
– M. Tensor tympani
(pd malleus)
– M. Stapedius (pd
stapes)

M&M, fig. 16.19

Middle Ear
 Auditory Ossicles
Base of stapes fills
the oval window

20X amplification

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

Air movement
TELINGA DALAM (INNER EAR)
Merupakan organ tulang berongga (hollow
bony structures) yg diisi cairan
(endolymph)
Tdd organ:
1. Equilibrium – semicircular canals
2. Hearing -- cochlea
 The Inner (Internal) Ear
• Disebut jg labyrinth
• Berada di dalam pars petrosa os
temporalis
• Bony labyrinth – suatu cavitas yg tdd dr 3
bagian:
– Semicircular canals
– Vestibule
– Cochlea
 The Inner (Internal) Ear
• Membranous labyrinth
– Tdd 3 bgn utama:
• Semicircular ducts
• Utricle and saccule
• Cochlear duct
Perilymph separates the osseous labyrinth of the inner ear from the membranous
labyrinth, which contains endolymph.
The Cochlea

Figure 16.23a–c
The Inner (Internal) Ear

Figure 16.17b
Cochlea. A.) Cross section of the cochlea. B.) Organ of Corti and the tectorial
membrane.
Anatomy and Function of the
Maculae

Figure 16.21b
Hair Cells
The Inner Ear
 Tinnitus
• Ringing or buzzing noise in the ears.

Biasanya mendahului serangan vertigo

 Otitis media
• Infeksi telinga tengah,
krn bakteri, virus,
biasanya setelah
ISPA
Sense of Taste
 LIDAH / PENGECAP
• muscular organ dlm basis cv. oris
• otot extrinsik dan intrinsik
• tdd: oral and pharyngeal part  sulcus
terminalis
• innervasi.: N. V3, IX, VII
• taste bud pada papila
Taste receptors. A.) Taste buds on the surface of the tongue are associated with nipple-like
elevations called papillae. B.) A taste bud contains taste cells and has an opening, the taste pore, at
its free surface.
Taste Buds

Figure 16.1a, b
Taste
 Jalur pengecap
• Informasi kecap mencapai cerebral cortex
– Terutama melalui facial (VII) and
glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves
– Beberapa di antaranya melalui vagus nerve
(X)
– Neuron sensoris bersinaps di medulla
(solitary nucleus)
 Five taste sensations

• Sweet—front middle
• Sour—middle sides
• Salty—front side/tip
• Bitter —back
• “umami”—posterior
pharynx

M&M, Fig. 16.1

 2. Gustation (Taste)

Differential
distribution of
taste buds

Taste buds
 2. Gustation (Taste)

VII – ant. 2/3

IX – post. 1/3
Cutaneous
 KULIT / ALAT PERABA
• kulit tipis dan tebal
• tdd.: epidermis dan dermis
• epidermis tdd. :4-5 lapis
• dalam dermis ditemukan : ujung
saraf,korpuskel Meissner, Paccini
• kelenjar
 The Integumentary System
• organ terbesar
– luas ?? berat ???
• menutupi seluruh tubuh
• salah satu indikator kesehatan
• Di dalamnya terdapat
– rambut, kuku, kelenjar and reseptor spesifik
Functions of the Integumentary
System
• Menutupi jaringan/organ dibawahnya
• Proteksi terhadap : trauma, bakteri,
kekeringan
• Pengaturan suhu tubuh
• Reseptor terhadap rasa raba, suhu,
nyeri
• Ekskresi (keringat)
• Absorpsi sinar ultra violet  sintesa vit.
D
 Cutaneous sensation
† Free nerve ending
† Corpusculum Meissner
† Corpusculum Pacinian
† Corpusculum Krause
† Corpusculum Ruffini
 Differentiation :
• Thick skin
• Thin skin

• Cari perbedaannya ???

 Skin (Integument)

• Terdiri Atas Tiga Bagian

• Epidermis – paling superficial
• Dermis – bagian tengah
• Hypodermis paling profundus
Skin (Integument)
 Epidermis

• Dibentuk oleh epitel berlapis pipih

menanduk, terdiri atas 4 tipe sel dan
tersusun menjadi 4 atau 5 lapisan.
• Sel : keratinosit, melanosit, Merkel sel,
and Langerhans’ sel
• Merupakan lapisan terluar yang
berhubungan dengan dunia luar dalam
fungsi proteksi.
 Epidermis

• Tiap hari dihasilkan sel baru dan ada

sel yang mati
• Dari awal terbentuk di basal sampai
akhirnya terkelupas ( 25 – 45 hari )
• Tidak ada pembuluh darah dan
limfatik
 Layers of the Epidermis
1. Stratum Germinativum / Basale
2. Stratum Spinosum
3. Stratum Granulosum
4. “ Stratum Lusidum “
5. Stratum Corneum

• Tiap hari terjadi penggantian sel !

Epidermis
Epidermis
 Cells of the Epidermis
• Keratinocytes – memproduksi fibrous
protein “keratin”
• Melanocytes – memproduksi pigmen
melanin
• Langerhans’ cells – epidermal
macrophages yang membantu imun
system
• Merkel cells – fungsinya sebagai
reseptor yang berhubungan dengan
sensory nerve endings
Epidermis
Epidermis
Epidermis
 Dermis

• Lapisan kedua dari kulit yang terdiri

dari jaringan ikat kolagen dan
elastis.
• Didalamnya terdapat sel fibroblas,
macrophag, mast sel, sel darah
putih, rambut, kel sebacea dan m.
arrector pili
 Dermis
• Terdiri atas dua lapisan :
– lapisan papillary
– lapisan reticular
 Sidik jari
• Finger print
• Bentukan ditentikan oleh lapisan papilary
dari dermis
• Dermatogliphic
• Tiap orang berbeda ( Kembar identik ??? )
Dermis
 Hypodermis
• Lapisan subcutaneous.
• Superficial fascia
• Terdiri atas “jaringan lemak” dan jaringan
ikat longgar.
• Didalamnya terdapat kel. sebacea, pemb.
darah dan limfe
 Deep fascia
• Jaringan ikat yang sangat kuat.
– Investing fascia
– Intermuskular septa
– Subserous fascia

• Membentuk retinakulum dan bursa

 Skin Color
• Three pigments contribute to skin color :
• Melanin  Kuning, Merah, Cokelat, s/d
Hitam  Warna kulit
• Carotene  Kuning s/d Orange  Telapak
• Hemoglobin  Merah.
Adneksa Kulit
 Sweat Glands
• Different types prevent overheating of
the body; secrete cerumen and milk
• Eccrine sweat glands – found in palms,
soles of the feet, and forehead
• Apocrine sweat glands – found in axillary
and anogenital areas
• Ceruminous glands – modified apocrine
glands in external ear canal that secrete
cerumen
• Mammary glands – specialized sweat
glands that secrete milk
 Sebaceous Glands
• Simple alveolar glands found all over the
body
• Soften skin when stimulated by hormones
• Secrete an oily secretion called sebum
 Hair Follicle

• Struktur berbentuk batang mengandung keratin

(hard keratin), menonjol dari permukaan
epidermis
• Ada 2 bagian : shaft dan root (akar)
• Jenis :
– Vellus hairs (halus, pendek, dan pucat)
– Terminal hairs (kasar, tebal, panjang, dan
gelap)
– Lanugo (sangat halus : pada fetus)
• Lapisan-lapisan : medulla, cortex, cuticula of the
Hair Follicle
Hair Follicle
 Nail / Kuku
• Merupakan modifikasi dari stratum
lucidum dan korneum
• Terdiri dari :
– Bagian root, body, dan free edge
• Lunula : bagian keputih – putihan pada
basis kuku berbentuk bulan sabit
Nail / Kuku
Nail / Kuku
 Pigmentation And Rashes

• Pigmentasi : • Rashes :
† Melanoid † Bula
† Hyperpigmentas † Papula
i † Vesikula
† Hypopigmentasi † Edema
† Leukoplacia
† Albino
† Ras
 Proses Penyembuhan Luka
• Luka
• Inflamasi
• Proliferasi
• Remodeling
 Skin Cancer
• The three major types of skin cancer
are:
• Basal cell carcinoma
• Squamous cell carcinoma
• Melanoma
 Burns / Combustio

• First-degree – only the epidermis is damaged

• Symptoms include localized redness, swelling, and pain
• Second-degree – epidermis and upper regions of
dermis are damaged
• Symptoms mimic first degree burns, but blisters also
appear
• Third-degree – entire thickness of the skin is
damaged
• Burned area appears gray-white, cherry red, or black;
there is no initial edema or pain (since nerve endings are
 Skin (Integument)
• Cover up our body
• Broad : 1,75 meter square & (16 % dari BB)
• Mucocutaneus junction
• Inside : Hair, nail, glands and specific receptor
• Differentiation :
• Thick skin
• Thin skin
 Skin (Integument)

• Consists of three major regions

• Epidermis – outermost superficial
region
• Dermis – middle region
• Hypodermis (superficial fascia) –
deepest region
Skin (Integument)
 Epidermis

• Composed of keratinized stratified

squamous epithelium, consisting of four
distinct cell types and four or five layers
• Cell types include keratinocytes,
melanocytes, Merkel cells, and
Langerhans’ cells
• Outer portion of the skin is exposed to
the external environment and functions
in protection
 Cells of the Epidermis
• Keratinocytes – produce the fibrous
protein keratin
• Melanocytes – produce the brown
pigment melanin
• Langerhans’ cells – epidermal
macrophages that help activate the
immune system
• Merkel cells – function as touch
receptors in association with sensory
nerve endings
 Layers of the Epidermis: Stratum
Basale
(Basal Layer)

• Deepest epidermal layer firmly attached

to the dermis
• Consists of a single row of the youngest
keratinocytes
• Cells undergo rapid division, hence its
alternate name, stratum germinativum
Layers of the Epidermis: Stratum Spinosum
(Prickly Layer)

• Cells contain a weblike system of

intermediate filaments attached to
desmosomes
• Melanin granules and Langerhans’ cells
are abundant in this layer
 Layers of the Epidermis: Stratum
Granulosum
(Granular Layer)
• Thin; three to five cell layers in which
drastic changes in keratinocyte
appearance occurs
• Keratohyaline and lamellated granules
accumulate in the cells of this layer
Layers of the Epidermis: Stratum Lucidum
(Clear Layer)

• Thin, transparent band superficial to the

stratum granulosum
• Consists of a few rows of flat, dead
keratinocytes
• Present only in thick skin
 Layers of the Epidermis: Stratum Corneum
(Horny Layer)

• Outermost layer of keratinized cells

• Accounts for three quarters of the epidermal
thickness
• Functions include:
• Waterproofing
• Protection from abrasion and penetration
• Rendering the body relatively insensitive to
biological, chemical, and physical assaults
 Dermis

• Second major skin region containing

strong, flexible connective tissue
• Cell types include fibroblasts,
macrophages, and occasionally mast
cells and white blood cells
• Composed of two layers – papillary and
reticular
Layers of the Dermis: Papillary
Layer
• Papillary layer
• Areolar connective tissue with collagen and
elastic fibers
• Its superior surface contains peglike
projections called dermal papillae
• Dermal papillae contain capillary loops,
Meissner’s corpuscles, and free nerve
endings
Layers of the Dermis: Reticular
Layer
• Reticular layer
• Accounts for approximately 80% of the
thickness of the skin
• Collagen fibers in this layer add strength
and resiliency to the skin
• Elastin fibers provide stretch-recoil
properties
 Hypodermis
• Subcutaneous layer deep to the skin
• Composed of adipose and areolar
connective tissue
 Skin Color
• Three pigments contribute to skin color
• Melanin – yellow to reddish-brown to black
pigment, responsible for dark skin colors
• Freckles and pigmented moles – result from local
accumulations of melanin
• Carotene – yellow to orange pigment, most
obvious in the palms and soles of the feet
• Hemoglobin – reddish pigment responsible for
the pinkish hue of the skin
 Pigmentation And Rashes

• Pigmentasi : • Rashes :
† Melanoid † Bula
† Hyperpigmentas † Papula
i † Vesikula
† Hypopigmentasi † Edema
† Leukoplacia
† Albino
† Ras
 Sweat Glands

• Different types prevent overheating of

the body; secrete cerumen and milk
• Eccrine sweat glands – found in palms,
soles of the feet, and forehead
• Apocrine sweat glands – found in axillary
and anogenital areas
• Ceruminous glands – modified apocrine
glands in external ear canal that secrete
cerumen
• Mammary glands – specialized sweat
Sense of Smell
 HIDUNG / PEMBAU
• NOSE TDD.:
– EXTERNAL NOSE
(ROOT,DORSUM,APEX,NARES,SEPTUM)
– CAVUM NASI / NASAL CAVITY :
• RESPIRATORY AREA
• OLFACTORY AREA

PENGANTAR IMPULS
• EPITHELIUM OLFACTORIUM PADA ATAP CAVITAS
NASI (AREA OLFACTORIA)RESEPTOR  AXON 
KUMPUL JADI FILA OLFACTORIA  CAVITAS CRANII
MELALUI FORMINAE PD LAMINA CRIBROSA
ETHMOIDALIS  BULBUS OLFACTORIUS  TRACTUS
OLFACTORIUS  CORTEX CEREBRI AREA BRODMAN
28 DAN 33 / PENGENALAN BAU.
Olfactory
epithelium just
under cribiform
plate (of ethmoid
bone) in superior
nasal epithelium
at midline
M&M, Fig. 16.3
Olfactory receptors. A.) Columnar epithelial cells support olfactory receptor cells, which have cilia
at their distal ends. B.) The olfactory area is associated with the superior nasal concha.
 Olfactory Nerve Pathways
• Stimulated olfactory receptor cells send nerve impulses
along their axons which form the first cranial nerves and
synapse with neurons located in enlargements called
olfactory bulbs.
• Impulses are analyzed in the olfactory bulbs and travel
along olfactory tracts to the limbic system
• Major interpreting areas (olfactory cortex) for these
impulses are located within the temporal lobes and at the
bases of the frontal lobes
That’s all folks!