fundamentals
Ship handling theory
Newton’s First Law of Motion
An object in motion tends to stay in motion.
An object at rest tends to stay at rest.
(Unless acted upon by an outside force)
Uncontrollable
Controllable
Semi-controllable
Controllable Forces
Propellers
Rudder
Bow Thrusters
Mooring Lines
Anchors
Tugs
Uncontrollable Forces
Weather conditions
Sea conditions
Water depth
Width of fairway
Traffic density
Propellers
Side
Force
Bottom
Fixed Pitch Propellers
Rudder amidships
Rudders
Water
Flow
Acts a wing
Rudder PS
Rudder
Force
Rudders
Water
Flow
Acts a wing
Rudder SB
Rudder
Force
Propellers / Rudders
Thrust
Pivot Point
Thrust
Side Force
Rudder Force
Pivot Point
Headway or Sternway
Ship’s Speed
Anchors
Mooring Lines
Tugs
Wind
•Proportional to
Speed
Displacement
Depth and breadth of the water
•Can cause ship to strike the bottom
•Reduce rudder effectiveness
•Less speed
•Ship’s wake can be an indicator
SHALLOW WATER EFFECTS
SQUAT
2.5 X DRAFT
Turning Circle
Kick
Final Diameter
Tactical Diameter
Ship handling Terms
Advance
Distance gained toward the direction of the
original course after the rudder is put over.
Transfer
Distance gained perpendicular to the original
course after the rudder is put over.
Advance & Transfer 90° Turn
Advance
Transfer
Kick
Advance & Transfer 180° Turn
Transfer
Kick Advance
Advance & Transfer 360° Turn
Transfer
Advance
Kick
Ship handling Terms
Headway
moving forward through the water
Sternway
moving backwards through the water
Bare Steerageway
the minimum speed a ship can proceed
and still maintain course using the rudders
Single Screw Ships
Ship Ahead
Propeller Ahead (right turning)
Rudder Amidships
Water resistance+
Water resistance++
Water resistance+
Ship Astern
Propeller Astern
Rudder Amidships Water resistance++
Shackle 15 fathoms
90 feet
27.5 meter
Ground Tackle
Diameter
3/4 - 4 3/4 inch
Length
15 fathom (90 ft) lengths connected by detachable links
Swivel shot
attaches anchor to anchor chain about 6 1/2 fathoms
Hawespipe
casting which chain runs out/stored
Chain stoppers/Chain locker
Anchor windlass
machinery used to hoist anchor
Anchor Commands
Ready for letting go
Secure for sea/housed
Let go the anchor
Set the anchor
Veer to ____ fathoms
Pass the stoppers
Report: on-deck, tending, strain
Short stay - 1 shackle
breaking ground/aweigh
clear of the water
clear/foul/partially fouled
Anchoring
Drag Circle =
scope of chain + distance
from hawespipe to pelorus.
Swing circle =
scope of chain +
length of ship
Scope of Chain
15 fathoms
30 fathoms
45 fathoms
60 fathoms
Scope of Chain
Last Shackle
Getting Underway from
Mooring to a pier
Mooring to a Pier