Trig. Ratios of Any Angle

Trigonometric Ratios of
Any Angle
© P. A. Hunt
http://teachfurthermaths.weebly.com
Lesson Objectives:
1. To understand what is meant by: circular functions; quadrants;

positive angles; negative angles.
2. To recall the main characteristics of the graphs of y = sin x,
y = cos x and y = tan x.
3. To consider the main trigonometric ratios in all 4 quadrants.
4. To introduce and use the CAST diagram for solving simple trig.
ratio problems.
5. To solve simple trig. ratio problems graphically.
6. To solve simple trig. ratio problems by identifying a quicker
method.
© P. A. Hunt
Did you know…?
1 …that a positive angle is measured in an anticlockwise

direction from the positive x-axis?
60◦
Did you know…?
2 … that a negative angle is measured in a clockwise

direction from the positive x-axis?
-60◦
Did you know…?
3 … that there are 4 quadrants, named as shown below:
2nd quadrant 1st quadrant
3rd quadrant 4th quadrant

Did you know…?
4 … that the trigonometric ratios sin x, cos

are called circular functions.
x and tan x
Can you sketch the graph of y = sin x ?
Main Characteristics
1 The graph has a period of 360◦.
Sin x has a minimum value of -1

2 and a maximum value of 1.
Can you sketch the graph of y = cos x ?
Cos x has a minimum value of -1

2 and a maximum value of 1.
The graph is a translation of the
3 sine graph by 90◦ to the left.
Can you sketch the graph of y = tan x ?
Tan x has no maximum value

2 and no minimum value.
Tan x is undefined at -270◦, -90◦,
3 90◦, 270◦ etc.
Circular Functions
Consider a unit P(x,y)

circle of centre O.
Note: Any radius will

suffice but, for the sake
1
of simplicity, we will use
the unit circle.

Consider also the line O
OP (shown) where P is
a point on the circle in
the 1st quadrant.
We will choose the angle

between OP and the
positive x-axis to be θ.
Circular Functions – the 1st Quadrant
Now consider the P(x,y)

triangle OPQ.
We will now recall 1

the trigonometric
ratios with which we
are already familiar: 
O Q
PQ
sin   y
OP
 sin   y -coordinate of P

triangle OPQ.

the trigonometric
O Q
OQ
cos  x
OP
 cos  x -coordinate of P

triangle OPQ.

the trigonometric
O Q
PQ y
tan   
OQ x
y - coordinate of P
 tan  
x - coordinate of P
sin   y -coordinate of P
cos   x -coordinate of P P(x,y)
y - coordinate of P
tan  
x - coordinate of P
1
Note :
In the 1st Quadrant, 
(i.e. for an acute angle) O Q
sin   0
cos  0
tan   0
y - coordinate of P
tan  
x - coordinate of P
1
We will now extend
these definitions to 
angles that lie
outside of the 1st O Q
quadrant.
Circular Functions – the 2nd Quadrant
y - coordinate of P
tan  
x - coordinate of P
1
This time our angle
lies in the 2nd
 
Quadrant.
Let Φ (phi) be the acute

O
angle between our line and
the x-axis.
y - coordinate of P
tan  
x - coordinate of P
1
Using our definitions
above:
 
sin   sin  Q O
cos   cos  So just use the

because x is negative
‘associated acute’ angle
tan    tan  Φ, and note the sign.
because x is negative
y - coordinate of P
tan  
x - coordinate of P
1
Note :
 
In the 2nd Quadrant,
Q O
sin   0
cos  0 So just use the
tan   0 ‘associated acute’ angle
Φ, and note the sign.
Circular Functions – the 3rd Quadrant
cos   x -coordinate of P
y - coordinate of P
tan  
x - coordinate of P
This time our angle

lies in the 3rd 
Quadrant.
O
P(x,y)
y - coordinate of P
tan  
x - coordinate of P

above:
Q

sin    sin 
because y is negative  O
cos   cos 
because x is negative 1
tan   tan 
because x and y are both negative P(x,y)
y - coordinate of P
tan  
x - coordinate of P
Note :
Q

In the 3rd Quadrant,
sin   0  O
cos  0
1
tan   0
P(x,y)
Circular Functions – the 4th Quadrant
y - coordinate of P
tan  
x - coordinate of P
This time our angle

lies in the 4th 
Quadrant.
O
P(x,y)
y - coordinate of P
tan  
x - coordinate of P

above:  Q
sin    sin 
because y is negative
O 
cos  cos  1
tan    tan 
because y is negative P(x,y)
y - coordinate of P
tan  
x - coordinate of P
Note :  Q
In the 4th Quadrant,
sin   0
O 
cos  0 1
tan   0
P(x,y)
The CAST Diagram
2nd Quadrant 1st Quadrant

90 < θ < 180 0 < θ < 90
Sin > 0 All > 0
Tan > 0 Cos > 0

3rd Quadrant 4th Quadrant
180 < θ < 270 270 < θ < 360
The CAST Diagram
2nd Quadrant 1st Quadrant

90 < θ < 180 0 < θ < 90
S A
T C
3rd Quadrant 4th Quadrant
180 < θ < 270 270 < θ < 360
Example 1
Find all the values of θ, where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 360, for which

θ = 50◦ is clearly
sin θ◦ = sin 50◦ a solution
50◦ 50◦
50◦ lies in the 1st quadrant.

(where sin > 0)
sin > 0 in the 2nd quadrant also

(draw at same angle to x-axis)
Read solutions from positive x-axis

Example 1
sin θ◦ = sin 50 ◦
130◦
50◦ 50◦
θ = 50◦ θ = 130◦
We can see that further solutions are
θ = 410◦, θ = 490◦, θ = 770◦, θ = 850◦ etc,
by adding (or subtracting) multiples of 360◦
but these are outside of the required
interval for this question.
Graphical Method
y = sin θ
θ = 50◦
θ = 130◦
Use the symmetry of the graph to read

the required values
Graphical Method
y = sin θ
Note that:
sin   sin 180   

θ
All other solutions
can be found by
θ = 50◦
Adding or Subtracting
θ = 130◦
Multiples of 360
A Quicker Approach
Note that:
sin   sin 180      50   130

All other solutions
can be found by No other solutions in required range.
The required solutions are
θ = 50◦, θ = 130◦
Multiples of 360
Example 2
Find all the values of θ, where -360 ≤ θ ≤ 360, for which

θ = 120◦ is clearly
cos θ◦ = cos 120 ◦ a solution
120◦
60◦
60◦
120◦ lies in the 2nd quadrant.
(where cos < 0)
cos < 0 in the 3rd quadrant also

(draw at same angle to x-axis)
Read solutions from positive x-axis

Example 2
cos θ◦ = cos 120 ◦
120◦
60◦
60◦
θ = 120◦ θ = 240◦
240◦
Subtracting 360◦ from each solution,
θ = -240◦ θ = -120◦
θ = -240◦, θ = -120◦, θ = 120◦, θ = 240◦
Graphical Method
cos θ◦ = cos 120 ◦

y = cos θ
θ = -240◦ θ = -120◦ θ = 240◦

θ = 120◦
θ
Graphical Method
cos θ◦ = cos 120 ◦

y = cos θ
Note that:
cos  cos   
θ = -240◦ θ = -120◦ θ = 240◦
θ = 120◦
All other solutions θ
can be found by
Multiples of 360
A Quicker Approach
cos θ◦ = cos 120 ◦
Note that:
cos  cos      120   120

All other solutions   240   240
can be found by
θ = -240◦, θ = -120◦, θ = 120◦, θ = 240◦
Multiples of 360
Example 3
tan θ◦ = tan 240 ◦
240◦
60◦
60◦
θ = 60◦ θ = 240◦
Subtracting 360◦ from each solution,
θ = -300◦ θ = -120◦
θ = -300◦, θ = -120◦, θ = 60◦, θ = 240◦
Example 3
tan θ◦ = tan 240 ◦
θ = -300◦ θ = -120◦ θ = 60◦ θ = 240◦

Example 3
tan θ◦ = tan 240 ◦
Note that:
tan   tan 180   
All other solutions θ

can be found by
θ = -300◦ θ = -120◦ θ = 60◦ θ = 240◦
Multiples of 180
A Quicker Approach
tan θ◦ = tan 240 ◦
Note that:
  240
tan   tan 180   
  60
All other solutions
can be found by
  120
  300
Multiples of 180 The required solutions are
θ = -300◦, θ = -120◦, θ = 60◦, θ = 240◦
Exercise
For each of the following, find all
values of θ in the given range.
(a) sin   sin 80  0    360 All

methods
Quick
Method
(b) cos   cos130  0    360 All

methods
Quick
Method
(c) tan   tan 300  180    360 All

methods
Quick
Method
(d ) sin   sin  100   180    180 All

methods
Quick
Method
(e) cos   cos 390  0    720 All

methods
Quick
Method
For each of the following, find all values of θ in the given range.
(a) sin   sin 80  0    360
100◦
80◦
80◦
θ = 80◦ θ = 100◦
Back to
questions
(a) sin   sin 80  0    360
θ = 80◦
θ = 100◦
Back to
questions
A Quicker Approach Back to
questions
(a) Find all the values of θ, where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 360, for which
Note that:
  80   100
sin   sin 180   
All other solutions

can be found by No other solutions in required range.
θ = 80◦, θ = 100◦
Multiples of 360
(b) cos   cos130  0    360
230◦
130◦
50◦
50◦
θ = 130◦ θ = 230◦
Back to
questions
(b) cos   cos130  0    360
θ = 230◦
θ = 130◦
θ
Back to
questions
questions
(b) Find all the values of θ, where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 360, for which
cos θ◦ = cos 130 ◦
Note that:
  130   130
cos  cos   
  230
All other solutions
can be found by
θ = 130◦, θ = 230◦
Multiples of 360
(c) tan   tan 300  180    360
300◦
120◦
60◦
60◦
θ = 120◦ θ = 300◦
Subtracting 360◦ from the 2nd solution,
θ = -60◦
The required solutions are Back to
θ = -60◦, θ = 120◦, θ = 300◦ questions
(c) tan   tan 300  180    360
θ = -60◦ θ = 120◦ θ = 300◦

θ
Back to
questions
questions
(c) Find all the values of θ, where -180 ≤ θ ≤ 360, for which
tan θ◦ = tan 300 ◦
Note that:
  300
tan   tan 180   
  120
All other solutions
can be found by
  60
θ = -60, θ = 120, θ = 300◦
Multiples of 180
(d ) sin   sin  100   180    180
θ = -80◦ θ = -100◦
80◦ 80◦
100◦
Back to
questions
(d ) sin   sin  100   180    180
θ = -80◦
θ = -100◦
θ
Back to
questions
questions
(d) Find all the values of θ, where -180 ≤ θ ≤ 180, for which
sin θ◦ = sin (-100) ◦
Note that:
  100   280
sin   sin 180   
  80
All other solutions
can be found by
θ = -100, θ = -80◦
Multiples of 360
(e) cos   cos 390  0    720
330◦
390◦
30◦
30◦
θ= 30◦ θ= 330◦
Adding 360◦ to each solution,
θ = 390◦ θ = 690◦
θ = 30◦, θ = 330◦, θ = 390◦, θ = 690◦ Back to
questions
(e) cos   cos 390  0    720
θ = 30◦ θ = 390◦ θ = 690◦
θ = 330◦
Back to
questions
questions
(e) Find all the values of θ, where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 720, for which
cos θ◦ = cos 390 ◦
Note that:   390   390

cos  cos   
  30   30
All other solutions
can be found by   330
  690
Multiples of 360 The required solutions are
θ = 30 ◦, θ = 330◦, θ = 390◦, θ = 690◦
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Trigonometric Ratios of

1. To understand what is meant by: circular functions; quadrants;

1 …that a positive angle is measured in an anticlockwise

2 … that a negative angle is measured in a clockwise

3 … that there are 4 quadrants, named as shown below:

2nd quadrant 1st quadrant

3rd quadrant 4th quadrant

4 … that the trigonometric ratios sin x, cos

1 The graph has a period of 360◦.

Sin x has a minimum value of -1

1 The graph has a period of 360◦.

Cos x has a minimum value of -1

1 The graph has a period of 180◦.

Tan x has no maximum value

Consider a unit P(x,y)

Note: Any radius will

We will choose the angle

Now consider the P(x,y)

We will now recall 1

Now consider the P(x,y)

We will now recall 1

Now consider the P(x,y)

We will now recall 1

Let Φ (phi) be the acute

cos   cos  So just use the

This time our angle

Using our definitions

This time our angle

Using our definitions

2nd Quadrant 1st Quadrant

Sin > 0 All > 0

Tan > 0 Cos > 0

2nd Quadrant 1st Quadrant

Find all the values of θ, where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 360, for which

50◦ lies in the 1st quadrant.

sin > 0 in the 2nd quadrant also

Read solutions from positive x-axis

Find all the values of θ, where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 360, for which

Find all the values of θ, where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 360, for which

Use the symmetry of the graph to read

Find all the values of θ, where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 360, for which

sin   sin 180   

Find all the values of θ, where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 360, for which

sin   sin 180      50   130

Find all the values of θ, where -360 ≤ θ ≤ 360, for which

cos < 0 in the 3rd quadrant also

Read solutions from positive x-axis

Find all the values of θ, where -360 ≤ θ ≤ 360, for which

cos θ◦ = cos 120 ◦

Find all the values of θ, where -360 ≤ θ ≤ 360, for which

cos θ◦ = cos 120 ◦

θ = -240◦ θ = -120◦ θ = 240◦

Find all the values of θ, where -360 ≤ θ ≤ 360, for which

cos θ◦ = cos 120 ◦

Find all the values of θ, where -360 ≤ θ ≤ 360, for which

cos θ◦ = cos 120 ◦

cos  cos      120   120

Find all the values of θ, where -360 ≤ θ ≤ 360, for which

tan θ◦ = tan 240 ◦

Find all the values of θ, where -360 ≤ θ ≤ 360, for which

tan θ◦ = tan 240 ◦

θ = -300◦ θ = -120◦ θ = 60◦ θ = 240◦

Find all the values of θ, where -360 ≤ θ ≤ 360, for which

tan θ◦ = tan 240 ◦