Handover Process: 1 © NOKIA 1999 Ho - PPT/ July 2000

HANDOVER PROCESS
1 © NOKIA 1999 ho.ppt/ July 2000 /

HANDOVER PROCESS
Contents
1. Overview
2. Handover Decision
3. Target Cell Selection
4. Algorithms
5. Power Budget Handover
6. Level & Quality Handover
7. Umbrella Handover
• Combined Umbrella & Power
Budget
• MS Speed
8. Imperative Handover
9. Timers for Handovers
10. C/I Based Handover Candidate
Evaluation
HANDOVER PROCESS
What is the purpose of HO?
Call continuity
Call quality
Others...

HANDOVER PROCESS
Causes
Uplink Quality AV_RXQUAL_UL_HO QUALITY
&
Downlink Quality AV_RXQUAL_DL_HO INTERFERENCE
Uplink Level AV_RXLEV_UL_HO THRESHOLD

LEVEL
COMPARISON
Downlink Level AV_RXLEV_DL_HO
MS SPEED
MS Speed AV_MS_SPEED
Timing Advance AV_RANGE_HO DISTANCE
RAPID FIELD DROP

Adjacent Cells AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) IMPERATIVE
CHANNEL ADMINISTRATION HO
DIRECTED RETRY
Others:
Intelligent Underlay Overlay
POWER BUDGET
Traffic Reason PERIODIC
CHECKS
………. UMBRELLA

HANDOVER PROCESS
Handover Desicion
Handover process may be triggered by
• Quality, field strength or distance values

fall below/exceed their threshold
• Periodic checks
Power budget HO
Umbrella HO

HANDOVER PROCESS
Handover Priority
• Handover priority
1. Uplink and downlink Interference

2. Uplink quality
3. Downlink quality
4. Uplink level
5. Downlink level
6. Distance
7. Rapid Field Drop
8. Slow moving MS
9. Better cell i.e. Periodic check (Power Budget HO or Umbrella HO)
10. PC: Lower quality/level thresholds (UL/DL)
11. PC: Upper quality/level thresholds (UL/DL)

HANDOVER PROCESS
Handover Algorithms
In all Handover cases (in imperative HO only requirement)
1. AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > rxLevMinCell(n) + Max (0, A)

A = msTxPwrMax(n) - P P = depending on MS Classmark
Except for Umbrella Handover
1’. AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > hoLevelUmbrella(n)
The additional condition
2. PBGT > hoMarginPBGT(n) where

PBGT = ((msTxPwrMax - msTxPwrMax(n))-(AV_RXLEV_DL_HO - AV_RXLEV_NCELL
- (btsTxPwrMax - BTS_TXPWR))
2’. PBGT > hoMarginLev/Qual(n) where

PBGT = (AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) - AV_RXLEV_DL_HO)-(btsTxPwrMax -
BTS_TXPWR)
If enableHoMarginLevQual = Y
HANDOVER PROCESS
Target Cell Selection (1/2)
Best candidates to RR Management:

Only for Adjacent intra BSC HO max 16 cells under the same BSC as the source cell
Cell of the inter BSC HO numberOfPreferredCells
same BSC
Load check of Candidates by btsLoadThreshold (0..100%)

1.
If overloaded priority decreased by hoLoadFactor (0...7)
2. Comparison of priorities of Candidates (hoLevelPriority

(0..7))
If two or more Adjacent cells with equal priorities

3.
-> Ranking based on radio properties

HANDOVER PROCESS
Target Cell Selection (2/2)
All cells have equal priority One cell has higher priority because of some rea
cell a b c cell a b c
Rx_Level -75 -80 -83 Rx_Level -75 -80 -83

1. Load overl. overl. n.overl. 1. Load n./overl. n.overl. n.overl.
hoLoadFactor 1 1 1 hoLoadFactor 2 1 1
2. Priority 3 3 3 2. Priority 4 3 3
New Priority 2 2 3 New Priority 4/2 3 3
3. Rx_Level -75 -80 -83 3. Rx_Level -75 -80 -83
=> cell list c , a ,b => cell list a,b,c (if cell a is not overload)
=> cell list b,c,a

HANDOVER PROCESS
Power Budget Handover (1/2)
• Trigger
Periodic Check ( hoPeriodPBGT )
• Candidate Selection
Equation 1 & 2 used
Priority and Load Considered
• Typically used between cells of the same "Layer"
Parameter Value
hoPeriodPBGT 1 ... 63 (SACCH Period)

enablePwrBudgetHandover Y/N
rxLevMinCell(n) -110 … -47 dBm

msTxPwrMax(n) 5 … 43 dBm
hoMarginPBGT(n) -24 … 24 dB

HANDOVER PROCESS
Power Budget Handover (2/2)
Equations 1 and 2 are used
Serving Cell: Best Adjacent Cell:
AV_RXLEV_DL_HO = -90 dBm AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) = -80 dBm

msTxPwrMax = 33 dBm (= 2W) rxLevMinCell(n) = -99 dBm
btsTxPwrMax = 42 dBm (= 16 W) msTxPwrMax(n) = 33 dBm (= 2W)
BTS_TX_PWR = 42 dBm = (16 W) btsTxPwrMax = 42 dBm (= 16 W)
hoMarginPBGT(n) = 6 dB
1. AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > rxLevMinCell(n) + Max (0, msTxPwrMax(n) - msTxPwrMax)

-80 dBm > -99 dBm + (33 dBm - 33 dBm) = -99 dBm
2. PBGT = ((msTxPwrMax- msTxPwrMax(n)) - (AV_RXLEV_DL_HO-AV_RXLEV_NCELL

- (btsTxPwrMax - BTS_TXPWR)
PBGT = ((33dBm-33dBm)-(-90 - -80)-(42dBm-42dBm)
= 10 dB
10 dB > 6 dB OK !!!!

HANDOVER PROCESS
Handover due to Level (1/2)
• Trigger
Threshold Comparison ( hoThresholdsLevUL/DL (px - nx) )
Equation 1 used
Equation 2 used if enableHoMarginLevQual = N
Equation 2' with hoMarginLev used if enableHoMarginLevQual
=Y
Parameter Value
hoThresholdLevUL/DL -110 … -47

px 1 … 32
nx 1 … 32

hoMarginLev(n) -24 … 24 dB

HANDOVER PROCESS
Handover due to Level (2/2)
Equations 1 and 2’ are used if parameter enableHoMarginLevQual is set “Y
hoMarginLev = 4 dB
Trigger for Handover due to Level
A
Threshold (Lev)
-95 dBm 2 dB
=> Cell
B is not selected as candidate for
HO due to level since 2dB < 4 dB

HANDOVER PROCESS
Handover due to Quality (1/2)
• Trigger
Threshold Comparison ( hoThresholdsQualUL/DL (px - nx) )
Equation 1 used
Equation 2 used if enableHoMarginLevQual = N
Equation 2' with hoMarginQual used if enableHoMarginLevQual = Y
Parameter Value
hoThresholdQualUL/DL 0…7
px 1 … 32
nx 1 … 32

hoMarginQual(n) -24 … 24 dB

HANDOVER PROCESS
Handover due to Quality (2/2)
Equations 1 and 2’ are used if parameter enableHoMarginLevQual is set “Y
hoMarginQual = 0 dB
Trigger for Handover HO due to Quality
2 dB
=> Cell
B is selected as potential candidate for
HO due to Quality since 2 dB > 0 dB

HANDOVER PROCESS
Handover due to Interference (1/3)
• Trigger : Threshold Comparison
Threshold Comparison for Quality ( hoThresholdsQualUL/DL (px - nx) )
Threshold Comparison for Level ( hoThresholdsInterferenceUL/DL (px -
nx) )
Priority for InterCell / Intracell HO selected at BSC independently for UL
/ DL
• Priority InterCell HO
Quality HO if any candidate
If not IntraCell HO
• Priority IntraCell HO
Parameter Value
hoThresholdInterferenceUL/DL -110 … -47

px 1 … 32
nx 1 … 32
enableIntraHoInterfUL/DL Y/N
hoPreferenceOrderInterfUL/DL INTER / INTRA

BSC
HANDOVER PROCESS
Equations 1 and 2’ are used if parameter enableHandoverMarginQual is set “Y
hoThresholdQual =4
hoThresholdInterferenceDL = -85 dBm
hoPreferenceOrderInterfDL = intra Trigger for Handover due to Interferenc
Threshold (Interference Lev)A

-85 dBm
B 0
- Fieldstrength higher than threshold

5
- Bad quality
=> interference
=> intra cell handover !!

HANDOVER PROCESS
• Intracell HO based on the UL idle channel interference measurements can
effectively avoid UL interference when the network load is reasonable
RTSL
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Low 7
TRX 1
Idle channel
interference level
TRX 2
f1, f2, f3
High TRX 3
• When the load is high in the network, the gain of intracell HO is low
RTSL
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Low 7
TRX 1
Idle channel
interference level TRX 2
f1, f2, f3
High TRX 3

HANDOVER PROCESS
Umbrella Handover (1/2)
• Trigger
Periodic Check ( hoPeriodUmbrella )
Equation 1' used
Consistency between mobile classmark and target cell power
constraints
Priority and Load Considered Macro cell
• Multi-Layered Network
Umbrella Handover due
Example Handover Micro cell to Level
GSM MS class 4 (33 dBm) A

gsmMacrocellThreshold = 35 dBm 6 dB
-85 dBm
gsmMicrocellThreshold = 33 dBm
msTxPwrMax(n) = 33 dBm -90 dBm
B
hoLevUmbrella = -85 dBm Umbrella Handover due

Handover to Level
hoThresholdLevDL = -90 dBm

HANDOVER PROCESS
Umbrella Handover (2/2)
Max power capability of MS >= gsmMacrocellThreshold
HO allowed only to a macrocell ( MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) >=
gsmMacrocellThreshold )
gsmMicrocellThreshold < Max power capability of MS < gsmMacrocellThreshold
HO only to middle size cell ( gsmMicrocellThreshold < MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) < gsmMacrocellThreshold

)
Max power capability of MS <= gsm MicrocellThreshold
HO allowed only to microcell ( MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) <= gsmMicrocellThreshold )
Parameter Value
enableUmbrellaHandover Y/N
hoPeriodUmbrella 0 … 63 (SACCH)
hoLevelUmbrella -110 … -47
gsmMicrocellThreshold 5 … 43
gsmMacrocellThreshold 5 … 43 BSC

HANDOVER PROCESS
Combined Umbrella & Power Budget
• When
enablePowerBudgetHo = Yes & enableUmbrellaHo = Yes
Power Budget Handover to cells of the same layer
Umbrella Handover to cells of different layer
• Based on
gsmMacrocellThreshold, gsmMicrocellThreshold
msTxPwrMax, msTxPwrMax(n) UMB umbrella HO
MS classmark RR radio reason HO
PBGT power budget HO
macrocells
PBGT,RR
UMB,RR UMB,RR
PBGT,RR
microcells

HANDOVER PROCESS
Adjacent Cell Layer Definition
• Three layers visible to serving cell
• To be used in
Fast moving MS handling in macro cell
HOs based on MS speed (BSS6)
Combined umbrella and power budget
Umbrella HO
• Supports multilayer networks
upper layer (macro)
Parameter
adjacentCellLayer same layer (serving layer)
lower layer (micro)
N (not in use)

HANDOVER PROCESS
MS Speed
• Multi-Layer Network
• Slow Moving MS in • Fast Moving MS in Macrocells
Microcells
• Problem : • Methods (Nokia specific)

Determine the MS speed • Fast moving MS handling
(S5)
Direct MS to correct Layer
• MS speed detection (S6)

HANDOVER PROCESS
MS Speed : Fast Moving MS Handling
• Fast Moving MS Handling in macro layer
# of measurements received from adjacent
microcells
slow or fast moving MS
Macro cell’s parameters Counter for each adjacent micro cell

for each adjacent micro cell: +2 measurement and over rxLevMinCell
-1 no meas. or bad level
• fastMovingThreshold 0 .. 255
• rxLevMinCell Target cell selection based on adjacent
• hoLevelUmbrella cell RX_LEVEL and on hoLevelUmbrella
BSC
micro
macro as serving cell

HANDOVER PROCESS
MS Speed
FMMS Example macrocells
time ‘t’
hoLevelUmbrella = -85 dBm
measured HO
signal strength
RxMinCell = -95 dBm
microcells
HO
FMT Threshold=40
time ‘t’ FMT Counter

HANDOVER PROCESS
MS Speed
FMMS Example
macrocells
time ‘t’
hoLevelUmbrella = -85 dBm
RxMinCell = -85 dBm
measured HO
signal strength
HO
microcells
FMT Threshold=40
time ‘t’
FMT Counter

HANDOVER PROCESS
MS Speed : MS Speed Detection (1/3)
• BTS detects the MS speed by using crossing rate algorithm

BTS supports measurement of MS speed
Call is on non-hopping TCH (no SDCCH, no Hopping TRX)
• BTS sends MS speed indications every SACCH multiframe

period (480 msec.)
Speed Indications are not valid if
( * ) UL DTX was used during the SACCH period
( ** ) MS was changing output power during the SACCH
period

HANDOVER PROCESS
• BSC Averages MS speed indications

• Window Size is msSpeedAveraging ( pre processing in BTS )
• Result is AV_MS_SPEED
• BSC ignores non valid speed indications ( * , ** )
• AV_MS_SPEED is compared with Thresholds
• LowerSpeedLimit
• UpperSpeedLimit
• px and nx are in common

HANDOVER PROCESS
• LowerSpeedLimit : Enables identification / triggers handover for slow-
moving MS
• UpperSpeedLimit : Enables identification / triggers handover for fast-
moving MS
• Target Cell Selection
Fast-moving to upper / Slow-moving to lower layer adjacent cells
Equation 1' used
0 means "Not
Priority considered
Parameter Used" Value
msSpeedAveraging 1 ... 32 (SACCH Period)
lowerSpeedLimit 0 … 255
upperSpeedLimit 0 … 255
msSpeedThresholdNx 1 … 32
msSpeedThresholdPx 1 … 32
adjCellLayer N / Same / Upper / Lower

hoLevelUmbrella -110 ... -47 dBm

HANDOVER PROCESS
MS Speed
Combination of Fast Moving MS Handling (BSC) and MS Speed Detection (BTS)
macrocell with RF hopping
fast MSs BSC

BTS
Adjacent cell
measurements
BSS6/MS speed
BSS5/Fast MS
meas_res
HO&PC
algorithm
BTS
slow MSs Crossing rate algorithm
microcell(s) , no RF hopping

HANDOVER PROCESS
Imperative Handover
Handover considered to be imperative:

• Handover due to Distance
• Order to empty a cell ( from O&M )
• Directed Retry and IDR
• Rapid Field Drop

HANDOVER PROCESS
Imperative Handover: Distance
Distance Process
Distance Process ---> msDistanceBehaviour (0,1..60,255) in BSC

• 0 : Release immediately
• 1 - 60 : Release after certain time 1 - 60 s, try handover during that
time
• 255 : No release, only imperative Handover attempt
Parameter Value
enableMsDistanceProcess Y/N
msDistanceHoThresholdParam 0 … 63
px 1 … 32
nx 1 … 32
msDistanceBehaviour 0, 1 … 60, 255 BSC

HANDOVER PROCESS
Imperative Handover :Rapid Field Drop (1/2)
• Trigger
Threshold Comparison (
HoThresholdRapidLevUl (px) )
• Rx_Lev_UL (Not averaged / Only UL) MS
Serving
Chained
Cell
Cell
Only Chained adjacent cell
Equation 1 only / no priority
• Multi-Layered Network
Parameter Value
hoThresholdLevULforRapidFieldDrop -110 ... -47 dBm
hoThresholdRapidLevU1N 0 ... 32
chainedAdjacentCell Y/N

HANDOVER PROCESS
Imperative Handover :Rapid Field Drop
(2/2)
Chained
Serving
Cell
Cell
MS
Example
hoThresholdRapidLevUl = - 93 dBm
hoThresholdRapidLevUlN (px) = 2
Serving
chainedAdjacentCell = Yes
Cell
-93 dBm
.
1st .
Rapid Field Drop Handover 2nd

HANDOVER PROCESS
Imperative Handover:Enhanced Rapid Field Drop (1/3)
• In case of DDE (Deep Dropping Edge), the averaging window

sizes and power budget period are reduced
• level downlink window size
• level uplink window size
• adjacent cell averaging window size
• handover period power budget
Signal Level
Signal Level
A MS moves away from cell site, MS moves away from cell site,
the signal is dropping gradually the signal is dropping gradually
MS turns a corner, the

A MS turns a corner, signal drops faster than
the signal drops rapidly moving in straight line
Time Time
Figure 7 Signal Strength of a Fast Moving MS Figure 8 Signal Strength of a Slow Moving MS

HANDOVER PROCESS
Imperative Handover:Enhanced Rapid Field Drop (2/3)
Parameter Value
erfdEnabled DIS, UL, DL or UDL

ddeThresholdLev 0 … 63 dB
Nx 1 … 32
Px 1 … 32
ddeWindow 1 … 32 SACCH
modifiedAveWinNcell 1 … 32
modifiedNOZ 1 … 32
erfdOver 1 … 64 sec

HANDOVER PROCESS
Imperative Handover:Enhanced Rapid Field
Example
Drop (3/3)
ddeWindow = 3 SACCH (n = 3)
ddeThresholdLev = 10, px = 2 and nx =3
• the BSC compares the most recent measurement

sample 8 (multiframe k) with the measurement
sample 5 (multiframe k-n).
Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Signal -71 -68 -70 -71 -69 -70 -75 -83
level dBm dBm dBm dBm dBm dBm dBm dBm
• DDE_LEVEL = RXLEV(k- ddeWindow) – RXLEV(k)

= -69 dBm – (-83 dBm) = 14 dB

HANDOVER PROCESS
Practical Examples
a
1. Adjacent Channel in Adjacent Cell

- 9dB
• C I a  - 9 dB b
• In practice after -6 dB -> interference increases and quality goes down to 4-5
• hoMarginLev < 6 dB
2. Cell with Very Large Coverage Area A X
• x x •
• MS switched off in cell A and
transferred to area of cell X
• MS switched on in new place 20 km
-> MS tries first old channel + neighbours
• MS camped on cell A which is not in neighbour list of cell X
-> do not listen BCCH of cell X -> no HOs to cell X !!!

HANDOVER PROCESS
Timers
• Minimum time between consecutive handovers related to the same
connections
MinIntBetweenHoReq
• Minimum time between handover attempts after a failure
MinIntBetweenUnsuccHoAttempt
Applied differently in Intercell / Intracell handovers
• Additional Guard Periods are used for Back-handovers
Quality
Distance
Traffic reason
Interference
Parameter Value
minIntBetweenUnsuccHoAttempt 0 ... 30 (seconds)
minIntBetweenHoReq 0 ... 30 (seconds)

HANDOVER PROCESS
Timers (HO Failure)
• Reversion to old channel OR no radio resource available
MinIntBetweenUnsuccHoAttempt applied only to intra-cell handover
attempts
• Other failure cases (BSS failures)
MinIntBetweenUnsuccHoAttempt applied to all types of handover
attempts
• Reversion to old channel

( 1 + NUMBER_OF_HO_FAIL ) * MinIntBetweenUnsuccHoAttempt
applied to handover attempts to the same target cell
• No Radio Resource Available
MinIntBetweenUnsuccHoAttempt applied to handover attempts to the
same target cells ( all those in the list )
• Other Failure Cases
MinIntBetweenUnsuccHoAttempt applied to all types of handover
40 attempts
© NOKIA 1999 ho.ppt/ July 2000 /
HANDOVER PROCESS
Timers ( Guard period for back - handover )
• after a HO due to quality (UL/DL) and interference (UL/DL):
a Power Budget HO back is not allowed during
GUARD_TIME = 2 * HoPeriodPBGT
an Umbrella HO back is not allowed during
GUARD_TIME = 2 * HoPeriodUmbrella
• after an inter-cell HO due to MS-BS distance:
a HO back to the source cell is not allowed during
GUARD_TIME = 20sec + MinIntBetweenHOReq
• after a Traffic Reason HO:
Power Budget HO and Umbrella HO back to the source are not allowed
during
GUARD_TIME = 20sec + MinIntBetweenHOReq
• Repetitive Intra Cell HO not allower during
GUARD_TIME = 4 * MinIntBetweenUnsuccHoAttempt

Advanced Multilayer Handling:
three features concept
Intelligent underlay-overlay
Handover
AMH 1
AMH 2
GSM/super
Multilayer
handling Load PBGTm Penalty IUO MCN
AMH 3
>80 0 60 - -
<50 - - Yes Yes
GSM1800/micro

AMH 1:
BSC Initiated TRHO benefits (1/2)
•Network wide load can be smoothed out by reducing power budget
margins between heavy loaded and less loaded cells => more
trunking efficiency => more capacity
•Capacity of the regular layer can be released and performance of IUO is
increased => Quality + capacity
• Ping-pong handovers are avoided due to AMH penalty system => quality
Handover
+0 dB +4dB +6 dB

AMH 1:
BSC Initiated TRHO benefits (2/2)
New algorithm:
1. AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) >
TRHO_TARGET_LEVEL(n)+Max(0,(MS_TXPWR_MAX_CELL(n)-P))
2.PBGT (n) > AmhTrhoPbgtMArgin and PBGT(n) < HOMArginPBGT
Parameters Values
AmhTrhoPbgtMargin -24dBm..+24dBm,N
AmhUpperLoadThreshold 0…100%
AmhMaxLoadOfTgtCell 0…100%
TrhoGuardTime 0…120 sec

AMH 2:
IUO Load Control benefits
•During a very light load, only regular frequencies are used. Thus
additional handovers are avoided => increases quality
super-reuse TRX

AMH 3:
Multilayer Load Control benefits
• Avoid additional handovers between different layers => quality
•In the night time, when the load is very small, and the speed of the MS’s
can be very fast, the MS’s can be kept in the macro cell layer => quality
GSM/macro
DCS/micro

AMH 2 and AMH 3
Parameters
Parameters Values
AmhTrafficControlIUO Y/N
AmhTrafficControlMCN Y/N
AmhLowerLoadThreshold 0…100%

Direct Access to Desired Layer/Band
(1/3)
• DADL/B is DR like procedure, triggered due to exceded TCH load in accessed
cell
• Target cells are selected according to MS properties, radio environment and
adjacent cell indications and priorities
• Allows also the support for Phase 1 MSs
accessed P-GSM
SDCCH 900 macro cell
1st
3rd
TCH
TCH
P-GSM 900 2nd
micro cell GSM 1800 cell
TCH
E-GSM 900 cell
• BENEFIT: By directing the calls to proper layer / band as early as possible the
48
network can absorb more traffic and thus provide more capacity
© NOKIA 1999 ho.ppt/ July 2000 /
DADL/B functionality (2/3)
• DADL/B is applied in call setup phase if
DADL/B feature is enabled with BSC level optionality management parameter
TCH load of accessed cell exceeds the BTSLoadThreshold
There are adjacent cells defined with the dadlbTargetCell parameter (cells verified
according to MS capabilities), which are to be used as target cells for DADL/B
handover.
The signal level of the DADL/B target cell exceeds the HOLevelUmbrella(n)
• BSC will evaluate the target cells for DADL/B handover during the time indicated with
the MinTimeLimitDR parameter
• Adjacent cell priorities HOPriorityLevel(n) and load factors HOLoadFactor(n) are used
in target cell sorting for DADL/B handover
• DR will be applied if there is real TCH congestion in accessed cell

• If the DADL/B handover fails (no TCHs available in target cells, no DADL/B target cells,
MS returns to old channel) the TCH is tried to allocate attempted from the accessed cell
• Pre-emption has higher priority than DADL/B handover

DADL/B applications (3/3)
• The use of DADL/B is flexible with adjacent cell
indications and thus DADL/B can be tailored to different
environments / concepts
Office Multilayer
2nd
1st 1st
2nd
Multiband Multilayer & band GSM 900 macro
GSM 900
GSM 1800
GSM 1800
GSM 900 micro

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HANDOVER PROCESS

1 © NOKIA 1999 ho.ppt/ July 2000 /

What is the purpose of HO?

3 © NOKIA 1999 ho.ppt/ July 2000 /

Uplink Level AV_RXLEV_UL_HO THRESHOLD

Timing Advance AV_RANGE_HO DISTANCE

RAPID FIELD DROP

4 © NOKIA 1999 ho.ppt/ July 2000 /

Handover process may be triggered by

• Quality, field strength or distance values

5 © NOKIA 1999 ho.ppt/ July 2000 /

1. Uplink and downlink Interference

6 © NOKIA 1999 ho.ppt/ July 2000 /

In all Handover cases (in imperative HO only requirement)

1. AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > rxLevMinCell(n) + Max (0, A)

Except for Umbrella Handover

1’. AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > hoLevelUmbrella(n)

The additional condition

2. PBGT > hoMarginPBGT(n) where

2’. PBGT > hoMarginLev/Qual(n) where

Best candidates to RR Management:

Load check of Candidates by btsLoadThreshold (0..100%)

2. Comparison of priorities of Candidates (hoLevelPriority

If two or more Adjacent cells with equal priorities

8 © NOKIA 1999 ho.ppt/ July 2000 /

Rx_Level -75 -80 -83 Rx_Level -75 -80 -83

3. Rx_Level -75 -80 -83 3. Rx_Level -75 -80 -83

9 © NOKIA 1999 ho.ppt/ July 2000 /

hoPeriodPBGT 1 ... 63 (SACCH Period)

rxLevMinCell(n) -110 … -47 dBm

10 © NOKIA 1999 ho.ppt/ July 2000 /

Equations 1 and 2 are used

Serving Cell: Best Adjacent Cell:

AV_RXLEV_DL_HO = -90 dBm AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) = -80 dBm

1. AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > rxLevMinCell(n) + Max (0, msTxPwrMax(n) - msTxPwrMax)

2. PBGT = ((msTxPwrMax- msTxPwrMax(n)) - (AV_RXLEV_DL_HO-AV_RXLEV_NCELL

11 © NOKIA 1999 ho.ppt/ July 2000 /

hoThresholdLevUL/DL -110 … -47

rxLevMinCell(n) -110 … -47 dBm

12 © NOKIA 1999 ho.ppt/ July 2000 /

Equations 1 and 2’ are used if parameter enableHoMarginLevQual is set “Y

13 © NOKIA 1999 ho.ppt/ July 2000 /

rxLevMinCell(n) -110 … -47 dBm

14 © NOKIA 1999 ho.ppt/ July 2000 /

Equations 1 and 2’ are used if parameter enableHoMarginLevQual is set “Y

15 © NOKIA 1999 ho.ppt/ July 2000 /

hoThresholdInterferenceUL/DL -110 … -47

hoPreferenceOrderInterfUL/DL INTER / INTRA

Equations 1 and 2’ are used if parameter enableHandoverMarginQual is set “Y

Threshold (Interference Lev)A

- Fieldstrength higher than threshold

17 © NOKIA 1999 ho.ppt/ July 2000 /

18 © NOKIA 1999 ho.ppt/ July 2000 /

GSM MS class 4 (33 dBm) A

hoLevUmbrella = -85 dBm Umbrella Handover due

19 © NOKIA 1999 ho.ppt/ July 2000 /

gsmMicrocellThreshold < Max power capability of MS < gsmMacrocellThreshold

HO only to middle size cell ( gsmMicrocellThreshold < MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) < gsmMacrocellThreshold

HO allowed only to microcell ( MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) <= gsmMicrocellThreshold )

20 © NOKIA 1999 ho.ppt/ July 2000 /

21 © NOKIA 1999 ho.ppt/ July 2000 /

upper layer (macro)

lower layer (micro)