UNITROL5000

EXCITATION SYSTEM

东方电机控制设备有限公司

2010.11
 The Power Station CONTROL ROOM
HV SYSTEM

STEP UP
TRANSFORMER LV SWITCHGEAR

AC & DC
HV- BREAKER
AUXILIARY
SYSTEMS CONTROL
SYSTEMS

2 1
AUX. PROTECTION
TRANSF.
GOVERNOR
GENERATOR
1 BREAKER 2
STATIC
STARTER

PT’s
&
CT’s
SYNCHRONIZING

SYNCHRONOUS EXCITATIONS
TURBINE GENERATOR YSTEM

STAR
POINT EXCITATION
CUBICLE TRANSFORMER

© ABB Group
October 5, 2018 | Slide 2
 The Power Station

The Excitation equipment has a powerful impact

on the dynamic performance and the availability
of the generator !

The Excitation equipment guarantees

the quality of the generator voltage and
reactive power and therefore
the quality of the delivered energy
of the power plant.

© ABB Group
October 5, 2018 | Slide 3
AVR versus Static Excitation System

Static Excitation AUX

Generator AVR
GCB FCB SHUNT
GS

Brushless Excitation AUX

Generator Rotating Bridge Exciter AVR

GCB FCB PMG

GS EX

SHUNT

© ABB Group
October 5, 2018 | Slide 4
 AVR versus Static Excitation System
Comparison

Brushless Exciter Machine Static Excitation

- Just positive ceiling voltage capability
- Exciter response limited by the exciter machine
time constant (>500ms)
- Field discharge with natural time constant
Size of exciter machine depends on nominal
machine speed
No sliprings (less maintenance and dust)
- Positive and negative ceiling voltage
capabilities
- Fast response (<20ms) in both directions
(best contribution to dynamic stability and
performance)
- Fast field discharge by discharge resistor or
inverter operation
-Size of excitation transformer depends on
field requirements only
Shorter shaft (torsional oscillations)

For maintenance on power rectifier the

machine does not need to be stopped
Direct measurements of field quantities Uf If
possible
© ABB Group
October 5, 2018 | Slide 5
 Main Components Static Excitation Systems
Excitation transformer

Regulation &
Control AC-breaker*
Electronics
AVR

DC-breaker* Converter

De-
excitation Field flashing
© ABB Group
October 5, 2018 | Slide 6
*AC- or DC breaker
 Excitation Systems Duties
Excitation Transformer
• Provide variable DC current with short time
overload capability
• Control terminal voltage with suitable accuracy
PT
AC
• Ensure stable operation with network and / or
AVR CB other machines
CT
Controller
• Contribute to transient stability subsequent to a
fault
• Communicate with the power plant control
system
Converter • Keep machine within allowed operating range
Field Discharge

© ABB Group
October 5, 2018 | Slide 7
 Systems Overview

AC Breaker*
AVR 2 CONVERTER N
AVR 1
CONVERTER 3

Measuring Protection CONVERTER 2

CONVERTER 1

Monitoring
Converter
AVR + FCR Control

Logic Control

Field suppression
DC Breaker*

*AC- or DC breaker
© ABB Group
October 5, 2018 | Slide 8
Type A5S
With redundant n+1 converter
(redundancy: 3 x 50%, 4 x 33%, 5 x 25% etc )
UG AVR
IG
1
IF FCR

Block

UG AVR 2
IG

IF FCR

n
AVR = Automatic Voltage Regulator 自动电压调节器
FCR = Field Current Regulator 励磁电流调节器.
Type Q5S With Redundant n+1 Converter
(redundancy: 3 x 50%, 4 x 33%, 5 x 25% etc )

UG AVR
IG
1
IF FCR

IF BFCR

2
UG AVR
IG

IF FCR
n
IF BFCR
 Redundancy Concept of Dual Channel
STAND BY OPERATING

Regulation
Regulation
Monitoring
Monitoring • Actual values
• Trip signals Protection
Protection
• Status of system Logic Control
• Follow-up
Logic Control
• Voltage Reg. (AUTO)
• Field Current Reg. (MAN)
• Act. voltage val. • Power System Stabilizer
• Act. field current val. • Limiter functions
• CPU • Overriding Contr. (P.F., VAR)

• Field over current • Act. voltage val. (pt failure)

• V/Hz • Act. field current val.
• Rotating diodes • CPU
• Rotor temperature
• Field over current
• V/Hz
• Rotating Diodes

© ABB Group
October 5, 2018 | Slide 11
 1.Galvanic insulation between power source
and rotor winding

2.Limitation of DC short circuit current

3.Adaptation of supply voltage to reach the

required ceiling voltage

4.Natural cooled dry type (preferred)

Excitation Transformer
 Power Thyristor Converter
Comprehensive Converter Supervision

– Converter temperature monitoring

– Air flow supervision
– All fuses supervision
– Local converter display for actual values and alarms

Early alarms for corrective actions before system failure

© ABB Group
October 5, 2018 | Slide 13
 硬件配置 / 并联整流柜

Current sharing
Firing pusle From AVR

cable

S S S
t t t

+
-

1 2 n
 Field Circuit

• Breaker on AC-side (alternatively on DC-

side) of the converter to open the field
circuit under fault conditions
• Fast absorption of field energy
• Protect field circuit against over voltages
• If required, allow machine to slip
• No need or very low current for field
flashing

© ABB Group
October 5, 2018 | Slide 15
 Field Supression Circuit Trip
How does it work: If (operation)

Uf (operation)

Uf (discharge)
Field

If (discharge)
Uf, If
[p.u.]

Q02
t

For fast discharge a non linear

resistor is used
-Uf

© ABB Group
October 5, 2018 | Slide 16
DC Field breaker Open power circuit, disconnect power
from the field
By normal operation
By trip signal

Type： HPB45M-82S
Manufacturer Secheron
Rated Voltage 2000V
Rated Current 4500A
Arcing Voltage 2800V
Breaking Capability 120KA
Control Voltage DC220/110V
 Discharge Resistor
• Controlled discharge of the rotor
• Defines the discharge time
• Non-linear resistor for reduced discharge
time

© ABB Group
October 5, 2018 | Slide 18
Field Flashing Ug

Overshoot

Softstart is
active
Field flashing off
command
Thyristor bridge
starts to conduct
Usyn (Pulses release)
Thyristor
AVR bridge t

U>
Sequence:  Order Fieldbreaker CLOSE
 Order Excitation ON
Generator
 Field Flashing breaker closes
Field flashing breaker  Stator voltage raises
 Pulses to thyristors are released
Diode
Bridge  Field flashing breaker opens
 The softstart function brings the generator
voltage smoothly to its nominal value.
~ +
Auxiliary  The Control Electronics can start the unit in
voltage most cases without field flashing due to the
remenance of the generator or at least with
a very small field flashing current
© ABB Group
October 5, 2018 | Slide 19
 Power Chart with Operation Limits
Under-excited +P Over-excited
(capacitive) (inductive)
1
Stability Limit Driving Limit
Limiter:

Rotor Current Limiter

P/Q Limiter
Generator
Minimum Field Current Limiter

IGn
Stator Current Limiter

 The excitation system keeps the

 generator within thermal and stability
limits

-Q -1 1 1 +Q
xd

Protection:
Motor
Rotor over current
inverse time

Loss of excitation
protection

1 p.u. = nominal
© ABB Group -1
October 5, 2018 | Slide 20
-P
 Imposed control (Imposed on the AUTO CH)
Set-point setting：

• By LCP or SPA
• Through signal“ raise”、
“lower”
• By Modbus
• By signal from DCS

a) REACTIVE POWER Control

© ABB Group
October 5, 2018 | Slide 21
 Imposed control (Imposed on the AUTO CH)
Set-point setting：
• By LCP or SPA
• Through signal“ raise”、
“lower”
• By Modbus
• By signal from DCS

b) POWER FACTOR Control

© ABB Group
October 5, 2018 | Slide 22
 Power System Stabilizer (PSS)
Facts
• PSS is an add-on functionality in UNITROL excitation systems

• It is an effective measure to damp active power oscillations between

generator and grid

• It is mandatory in some countries (e.g. USA) for all power plants exceeding
a certain size (e.g. >= 50 MVA)

© ABB Group
October 5, 2018 | Slide 23
 Power System Stabilizer (PSS)
Requirements and use
• Required for:
– All turbo-generators (nuclear, steam, gas)
– Remote power plants with long distances to major consumer center

• Most useful for:

– Plants operating on long power lines
– Extremely fast load changes (e. g. electrical melting shop)

© ABB Group
October 5, 2018 | Slide 24
 Main Functions
AVR Setpoint
UG, IG -V/Hz limiter PID
- Soft start _
- IQ Compensation
S S

Min. / max. value priority

UG - IP Compensation
+
Measuring and A/D conversion

Underexcit. limiter
UG, IG, If -Q=F(P,U,UG)
-Stator current lead
-Min. field current

Overexcit. limiter To pulse

UG, IG, If -Max field current generation
-Stator current lag

UG, IG Power System

Stabilizer PSS
PI
Man setpoint _
S
If +

© ABB Group
October 5, 2018 | Slide 26
 Intervention of OEL and UEL
Over excitation PSS
Limiter [OEL]
PID

Parameter set 1,2,3

Low
S
Under excitation High value
limiter [UEL] value gate
gate

Parameter set 1 AVR

UG S Parameter set 2
IG OEL
IG UEL
P(Q) UEL
AVR set point Parameter set 3
Ie max lim OEL
Ie min lim UEL

© ABB Group
October 5, 2018 | Slide 27
 Controller functions / logic
Soft Start U
G
If

t
Field Flashing
Reference value ramp up
Normal operation

© ABB Group
October 5, 2018 | Slide 28
 Compensation
Intervention on AVR set point

Reactive and Active Power droop

UG compensation
UG compensation Uref
Uref droop
droop

-Q +Q +P
Reactive Power Droop Active Power Droop

© ABB Group
October 5, 2018 | Slide 29
 V/Hz Limiter

Setting range V/Hz

UG set point
UG max setpoint
UG nominal
UG min set point
Allowed range of operation

f
f nominal

© ABB Group
October 5, 2018 | Slide 31
 Available Prot. & Monitoring Functions

Monitoring and Protection

• Thyristor conduction monitoring
• DC short-circuit
• Loss of actual value (PT failure)
• Overcurrent
• Volts per Hertz
• Loss of excitation
• Rotor temperature
• Earth fault protection
• Etc.

IARV / UNF11 E
CHIND / 612
© ABB Group
October 5, 2018 | Slide 32
 Monitoring Concept (use of redundancy)
 Temperature Alarm  SW supervision per channel  Thyristor monitoring
 HW supervision per channel  Air flow monitoring
 Supply monitoring

AVR

FCR

 Loss of p.t.

AVR

FCR

Rotor thermal overload stage 1

 Rotor over temperature stage 1
 Rotor earth fault stage 1

© ABB Group
October 5, 2018 | Slide 33
 Protection Concept (shut down)
 Overflux V/Hz  SW supervision  Internal short circuit
 Over temperature  HW supervision  Converter overload
 Overload  Internal supply Conduction monitoring

AVR

FCR

AVR

FCR


 Rotor short circuit

 Rotor thermal overload stage 2
 Rotor Overtemperature stage 2
 Rotor overvoltage
© ABB Group
 Rotor earth fault stage 2
October 5, 2018 | Slide 34
 Crowbar / Overvoltage Protection
Trip circuit ALARM & TRIP LOGIC

redundancy
DC Breaker (-Q02)

Bi-directional
thyristor
TRIGGERING UNIT (UNS0017) CROWBAR
(UNS4023)
Thyristor
+
redundancy
TRIP 1 OFF1 Current
(Option) + I> Measuring
TRIP 2
+

Over-voltage OFF2
detection (BOD) -K1

-V3
Trip supervision
-V2

Field Winding
-K2 BOD

SG
-V1
-K3

Field Suppression
Resistor
M

© ABB Group
October 5, 2018 | Slide 35
 Shaft filter
Oil film
Of bearings
+

GROUNDING
BRUSH CROTOR_GROUND -
CFIELD_ROTOR Slip rings CROTOR_GROUND

CFIELD_ROTOR -

SHAFT CURRENT FILTER

CROTOR_GROUND

© ABB Group
October 5, 2018 | Slide 36
 Earth Fault Protection
• Earth fault protection ABB UNS3020
– Rotor earth fault stage 1 (Alarm)
– Rotor earth fault stage 2 (Trip)

© ABB Group
October 5, 2018 | Slide 37
 P.T. failure monitoring

Each channel has its independent

Auxiliary supply p.t. failure function

Shunt supply
If Usyn

OFF Line Plausibility between If and UG at start up

UG
Shunt supply Comparison between UG and Usyn
IG

Auxiliary supply dUG /dt supervision dependent on dIG/dt

© ABB Group
October 5, 2018 | Slide 38