m Explain the principle physiological function

of the pulmonary system

m Outline the major anatomical components
of the respiratory system
m List major muscles involved in inspiration &
expiration at rest & during exercise
m Discuss the importance of matching blood
flow to alveolar ventilation in the lung
m Explain how gases are transported across
the blood-gas interface in the lung
m Discuss the major transportation modes
of O2 & CO2 in the blood
m Discuss the effects of m temp, pH, & m
levels of 2,3 DPG on the oxygen-
hemoglobin dissociation curve
m Describe the ventilatory response to
constant load, steady-state exercise
m —entilation/perfusion ratio
 3ndicates matching of blood flow to
ventilation
 3deal: ~1.0
m ½ase
 Overperfused (ratio <1.0)
m pex
 0nderperfused (ratio >1.0)
ig 10.13
m pproximately 99% of O2 is
transported in the blood bound to
hemoglobin (Hb)
 Oxyhemoglobin: O2 bound to Hb
 Deoxyhemoglobin: O2 not bound to Hb
m mount of O2 that can be transported
per unit volume of blood in
dependent on the concentration of
hemoglobin
ig 10.14
m ½lood pH declines
during heavy
exercise
m Results in a
´rightwardµ shift of
the curve
 ½ohr effect
 avors ´offloadingµ
of O2 to the tissues
ig 10.15
m 3ncreased blood
temperature
results in a
weaker Hb-O2
bond
m Rightward shift
of curve
 Easier
´offloadingµ of
O2 at tissues
ig 10.16
m R½C must rely on anaerobic glycolysis to
meet the cell·s energy demands
m  by-product is 2-3 DPG, which can
combine with hemoglobin and reduce
hemoglobin·s affinity of O2
m 2-3 DPG increase during exposure to
altitude
m t sea level, right shift of of curve not to
changes in 2-3 DPG, but to degree of
acidosis and blood tempurature
m Dyoglobin (Db) shuttles O2 from the cell
membrane to the mitochondria
m Higher affinity for O2 than hemoglobin
 Even at low PO2
 llows Db to store O2
ig 10.17
m Dissolved in plasma (10%)
m ½ound to Hb (20%)
m ½icarbonate (70%)
 CO2 + H2O ÷ H2CO3 ÷ H+ + HCO3-
 lso important for buffering H+
ig 10.18
ig 10.19
m 3nitially,
ventilation
increases
rapidly
 ·hen, a slower
rise toward
steady-state
m PO2 and PCO2
are maintained

ig 10.20
m During prolonged
submaximal
exercise:
 —entilation tends
to drift upward
 Little change in
PCO2
 Higher ventilation
not due to
increased PCO2

ig 10.21
m Linear increase in ventilation
 0p to ~50-75% —O2max
m Exponential increase beyond this point
m —entilatory threshold (·vent)
 3nflection point where —E increases
exponentially
m 3n the trained runner
 Decrease in arterial PO2 near exhaustion
 pH maintained at a higher work rate
 ·vent occurs at a higher work rate
ig 10.22
ig 10.22
m 1980·s: 40-50% of elite male endurance
athletes were capable of developing
m 1990·s: 25-51% of elite female endurance
athletes were also capable of
developing
m Causes:
 —entilation-perfusion mismatch
 Diffusion limitations due to reduce time of
R½C in pulmonary capillaries due to high
cardiac outputs
m Respiratory
control center
 Receives neural
and humoral input
M eedback from
muscles
M CO2 level in the
blood
 Regulates
respiratory rate
ig 10.23
m Humoral chemoreceptors
 Central chemoreceptors
M Located in the medulla
M PCO2 and H+ concentration in cerebrospinal
fluid
 Peripheral chemoreceptors
M ortic and carotid bodies
M PO2, PCO2, H+, and K+ in blood
m Neural input
 rom motor cortex or skeletal muscle
ig 10.24
ig 10.25
m rubmaximal exercise
 Linear increase due to:
M Central command
M Humoral chemoreceptors
M Neural feedback
m Heavy exercise
 Exponential rise above ·vent
M 3ncreasing blood H+
ig 10.26
m —entilation is lower at same work rate
following training
 Day be due to lower blood lactic acid levels
 Results in less feedback to stimulate
breathing
ig 10.27
m Low-to-moderate intensity exercise
 Pulmonary system not seen as a limitation
m Daximal exercise
 Not thought to be a limitation in healthy
individuals at sea level
 Day be limiting in elite endurance athletes
 New evidence that respiratory muscle
fatigue does occur during high intensity
exercise