Chapter
Management
2 History
Revolusi Perilaku
Industri Organisasi
Pekerjaan dipecahkan
menjadi tugas sederhana,
Manajer adalah profesional rutin, dan tedefinisi Posisi di dalam organisasi
karir, bukan pemilik dari unit jelas adalah sebuah hierarki
organisasi yang dia kelola dengan rantai komando yang
Pembagian jelas
Kerja
Orientasi Hierarki
Karir Kewenangan
Sebuah Birokrasi
Harus Bercirikan
Impersonalitas Pemilihan
Formal
Arahan dan
Penerapan aturan dan Peraturan Formal Orang yang dipilih untuk
kontrol secara seragam bagi bekerja yang sesuai dengan
Semua, bukan sesuai pribadi- kualifikasi teknis mereka
pribadi Sistem aturan dan prosedur
operasional baku yang
tertulis
6. Pemberdayaan Karyawan
Tim karyawan seringkali dilibatkan dalam program pengelolaan mutu
sebagai sarana pemberdayaan bagi mereka untuk mampu
menemukan dan mengatasi sebuah masalah.
Para Pendukung
Awal OB
•Experimental findings
Productivity unexpectedly increased under imposed
adverse working conditions.
The effect of incentive plans was less than
expected.
•Research conclusion
Social norms, group standards and attitudes more
strongly influence individual output and work behavior
than do monetary incentives.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
2–21
The Systems Approach
• System Defined
A set of interrelated and interdependent parts
arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole.
• Basic Types of Systems
Closed systems
Are not influenced by and do not interact with their
environment (all system input and output is internal).
Open systems
Dynamically interact to their environments by taking in inputs
and transforming them into outputs that are distributed into
their environments.
Proses
Transformasi
• Organization size
• As size increases, so do the problems of coordination.
• Routineness of task technology
• Routine technologies require organizational structures,
leadership styles, and control systems that differ from
those required by customized or non-routine
technologies.
• Environmental uncertainty
• What works best in a stable and predictable environment
may be totally inappropriate in a rapidly changing and
unpredictable environment.
• Individual differences
• Individuals differ in terms of their desire for growth,
autonomy, tolerance of ambiguity, and expectations.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
2–26
Terms to Know
• division of labor (or job • quantitative approach
specialization) • organizational behavior
• Industrial Revolution (OB)
• scientific management • Hawthorne Studies
• therbligs • system
• general administrative • closed systems
theory • open systems
• principles of management • contingency approach
• bureaucracy