Development of Modern
Pharmaceuticals
Isolation of pure substances
Mefloquine
Chloroquine
Barbituric Acid
Barbituric acid was first prepared by Adolph von Baeyer in 1864, (on the feast of St. Barbara)
but it was not realized that this class of compounds had biological activity until Emil Fischer
showed diethylbarbituric acid (Barbital) could put dogs to sleep in 1904. This drug was used
to treat insomnia until 1950.
Phenobarbital was made by Emil Fischer in 1902,
and brought onto the commercial market as a
sedative by Bayer in 1912.
Where are we today?
Vitamin B12
In vivo
Metabolism
Protosil Sulfanilamide
Sulfamethoxazole Trimethoprim
Norethynodrel Mestranol
(progestin) (estrogen, demethylated in liver)
http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/chemistry-in-
history/themes/pharmaceuticals/restoring-and-regulating-the-bodys-
biochemistry/banting--best--collip--macleod.aspx
160. The first sequence. Fred Sanger and insulin By Stretton Antony O W From
Genetics (2002), 162(2): 527-32.
1. Explain how Paul Ehrlich’s early fascination with dyes led to his hypothesis
of the treatment of disease with a ‘magic bullet’. What is ‘side chain
theory’ and why was it important?
2. What did Ehrlich, Domagk, and Janssen share in common, both from a
scientific/investigation perspective, and secondly from a character
perspective?
3. Explain the underlying scientific importance of Fred Sanger’s successful
sequencing of insulin.