Operation and Control

SCALE UP
FACTORS
FACTORSTO
TOBE
BECONSIDERED
CONSIDEREDIN
INSCALING
SCALINGUP
UPBIOREACTORS
BIOREACTORS
CONSTANT POWER INPUT PER UNIT VOLUME
(P/V = constant)
From the work of Rushton and his associates, for

geometrically similar, fully baffled vessels with turbulent
conditions, it may be noted that if scale up should be based
on maintaining a constant power input per unit volume
considering no gassing in the system.
CHE 512: BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING | BIOREACTOR SELECTION, SCALE UP, OPERATION, AND CONTROL |
SCALE UP
FACTORS
FACTORSTO
TOBE
BECONSIDERED
CONSIDEREDIN
INSCALING
SCALINGUP
UPBIOREACTORS
BIOREACTORS
(P/V = constant)
NON-GASSED
SYSTEM
SCALED
UP
SCALE UP
FACTORS
FACTORSTO
TOBE
BECONSIDERED
CONSIDEREDIN
INSCALING
SCALINGUP
UPBIOREACTORS
BIOREACTORS
(P/V = constant)
GASSED
SYSTEM
SCALED
UP
SCALE UP
FACTORS
FACTORSTO
TOBE
BECONSIDERED
CONSIDEREDIN
INSCALING
SCALINGUP
UPBIOREACTORS
BIOREACTORS
Constant Mass Transfer Coefficient, KLa
There has to be a relation between Kla with aeration rate and

agitation speed, and scale-up factor has to be determined. To
eliminate the effect of viscous forces, the rheology of the
media and broth for a large vessel have to be similar to
that of a bench-scale vessel.
SCALE UP
FACTORS
FACTORSTO
TOBE
BECONSIDERED
CONSIDEREDIN
INSCALING
SCALINGUP
UPBIOREACTORS
BIOREACTORS
Constant Mass Transfer Coefficient, KLa
SCALE UP
FACTORS
FACTORSTO
TOBE
BECONSIDERED
CONSIDEREDIN
INSCALING
SCALINGUP
UPBIOREACTORS
BIOREACTORS
Constant Mixing Quality
Constant mixing quality in otherwords indicates constant

Reynolds number, NRe.
SCALE UP
SAMPLE
SAMPLEPROBLEM
PROBLEM
Consider the scale-up of a fermentation from a 10L to 10,000L
vessel. The small fermenter has a height-to-diameter ratio of 3.
The impeller diameter is 30% of the tank diameter. Agitator
speed is 500 rpm and three Rushton impellers are used.
Determine the dimensions of the large fermenter and agitator
speed for Constant P/V.
SCALE UP
SAMPLE
SAMPLEPROBLEM
PROBLEM
Assume the vessel is a cylinder, ;
H = 3Dt;
Dt = 16.2 cm
H = 48.6 cm
Di = 4.9 cm
The scale-up factor is the cube root of the ratio of tank volumes,
(10,000L /10 L)1/3 = 10 Dt = 1.62 m

H = 4.86 m
Di = 0.49 m
SCALE UP
SAMPLE
SAMPLEPROBLEM
PROBLEM
For constant P/V to apply N^3Dt^2 must be the same in both
vessels.
SCALE UP
SAMPLE
SAMPLEPROBLEM
PROBLEM
A value of KLa 30 per hour has been determined for a fermenter
at its maximum practical agitator rotational speed and with an
being sparged at 0.5 1 gas/liter reactor volume—min. E. coli
with a qO2 of 10 mmol/2/g dry weight are to be cultured. The
C, is 0.2 mg/l. The solubility of O2 from air in the fermentation
broth is 7.3 mg/l at 30˚C, 0.21 atm.
a) What maximum concentration of E.coli can be sustained in
this bioreactor under aerobic conditions,
b) What concentration could be maintained if pure O2 was used
to sparged the bioreactor?‘
SCALE UP
SAMPLE
SAMPLEPROBLEM
PROBLEM At steady state, dCl/dt = 0;
0.21 atm gives 7.3mg/l of solubility

SCALE UP
FACTORS
FACTORSTO
TOBE
BECONSIDERED
CONSIDEREDIN
INSCALING
SCALINGUP
UPBIOREACTORS
BIOREACTORS
Constant Impeller Speed
One key to a scale-up is to have the speed of the end (tip) of the
impeller equal the velocity in both the laboratory pilot reactor
and the full-scale plant reactor. Typical tip speeds range from 5
to 7 m/s indicating the predominant importance of this
parameter in scale up.
SCALE UP
FACTORS
FACTORSTO
TOBE
BECONSIDERED
CONSIDEREDIN
INSCALING
SCALINGUP
UPBIOREACTORS
BIOREACTORS
Constant Impeller Speed
The peripheral tip velocity, Vt , of the

impeller diameter Di, and the
rotational speed n (s-1) is given by:
SCALE UP
FACTORS
FACTORSTO
TOBE
BECONSIDERED
CONSIDEREDIN
INSCALING
SCALINGUP
UPBIOREACTORS
BIOREACTORS
Impeller Reynold’s Number
This criterion is used sometimes when the heat transfer rate

from the fermentation broth to the cooling coils inside the
bioreactor vessel is of paramount importance. This is especially
important for thermophilic microorganisms. The heat transfer
coefficient is a function of impeller Reynold‘s number.
SCALE UP
FACTORS
FACTORSTO
TOBE
BECONSIDERED
CONSIDEREDIN
INSCALING
SCALINGUP
UPBIOREACTORS
BIOREACTORS
Impeller Reynold’s Number
For this scale up criterion,
the impeller Reynold‘s
number must be equal for
the small and large scale
bioreactor, constant r, m.
OPERATION AND
CONTROL
.
OPERATION AND CONTROL
The growth of an organism in a bioreactor

has to be controlled, so the operators must
have sufficient information about the state
of the organism and the bioreactor
conditions. Monitoring a fermentation
process may need basic knowledge of the
bioprocess, and the running conditions
should be recorded.
There are many types of bioreactor used in

bioprocesses such as the continuous
stirred tank reactor (CSTR), plug flow
column, bubble column bioreactor, etc. The
most common form is the simple stirred
tank bioreactor.
In bioprocess
plant
instrumentation
and process
control, variables
are very
important.
The main
objective is to
operate a
bioreactor
without any
problems.
TEMPERATURE
Control of temperature for fermentation
vessels is required because of the narrow
range of optimal temperature.
To maintain bioreactor temperature within

the limited range, the system may require
regulation of heating and cooling by the
control system.
TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE CONTROL
DEVICES
THERMOCOU
PLE cheap and simple to use, but they are rather
low in resolution and require a cold junction
THERMIST
ORS are semiconductors, which exhibit a change
in electrical conductivity with temperature.
DISSOLVED
OXYGEN The dissolved oxygen content of the
fermentation broth is also an important
fermentation parameter, affecting cell
growth and product formation.
The low solubility of oxygen makes the

measurements very difficult, a challenging
problem
DISSOLVED
OXYGEN
DISSOLVED OXYGEN
TUBIN
DETERMINATIONan inert gas flows through a coil of
G
permeable silicon rubber tubing, in which
METHO the oxygen from the reactor flows through
D
MASS
SPECTROMETRY
ELECTROCHEMICAL
DETECTORS
Two types of detector are commercially available:
galvanic and polarographic detectors. Both use
membranes to separate electrochemical cell
components from the broth.
PH
The fermentation process is normally
carried out at a constant pH. The pH of a
culture medium will change with the
metabolic product of microorganisms, which
are developed in the fermentation media.
Measurement of pH is based on the absolute

standard of the electrochemical properties of
the standard hydrogen electrode.
FOAMING
In a gas and liquid system, when gas is
introduced into a culture medium, bubbles
are formed, forming froth.
During fermentation, foaming may occur

suddenly. Some foams are easy to destroy
and can be removed by foam breaker; others
are quite stable and are relatively hard to
BIOREACTOR remove from the top of the bioreactor.
SENSORS
FOAMING FOAMING CONTROL
MECHANIC
OPERATION
AL
mechanical agitation such as a foam breaker, operates on
the center of the shaft. They are generally blades or disks
that are mounted on the same agitator shaft.
CHEMICAL
Chemical anti-foams are used to regulate the foam and
prevent any foaming on the surface. The chemical anti-
foams are expensive and minimal amounts must be used.
BIOSENSORS A biosensor consists of two main elements.
These two elements, the biocatalyst and a
transducer, are combined as a single
detecting probe, in which the transducer
and biocatalyst are held together in a very
close contact.
measures the biochemical transformation of a
BIOCATALYST given substance, for example change in pH
detect such change and to produce an output

TRANSDUCER signal, which is related to the concentration of
the measured substance.

Operation and Control

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Operation and Control

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

SCALE UP

From the work of Rushton and his associates, for

There has to be a relation between Kla with aeration rate and

Constant mixing quality in otherwords indicates constant

(10,000L /10 L)1/3 = 10 Dt = 1.62 m

0.21 atm gives 7.3mg/l of solubility

The peripheral tip velocity, Vt , of the

This criterion is used sometimes when the heat transfer rate

The growth of an organism in a bioreactor

There are many types of bioreactor used in

To maintain bioreactor temperature within

The low solubility of oxygen makes the

Measurement of pH is based on the absolute

During fermentation, foaming may occur

detect such change and to produce an output

Anda mungkin juga menyukai