A

Report on the working of two/four

stroke petrol/diesel engine
Submitted by :-
SHAHDEV SHARMA
(Mechanical Engg. :-2 yr.)
Under the supervision of :-
Er. A.k. Singh
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I have taken efforts in this report. However, it would not
have been possible without the kind support and help of
many individual, books and online websites. I would like
to extend our sincere thanks to all of them.
First and foremost I am thankful to Er. A.K. SINGH sir to
giving me an opportunity to work on my report.
I would like to express my gratitude towards my batch
mates for their kind co-operation and encouragement
which help me in completion of this report.
@ SHAHDEV SHARMA
M.E {2 yr.}
10/14/18 (1700240027) 2
 INTRODUCTIO
N working of two/four
This report is based on the
stroke petrol/diesel engines. Two/four stroke
engines are the part of Internal combustion
engines.
Internal combustion engines have combustion as
the basic process. Combustion process may be
initiated using externally assisted ignition (spark
ignition) or it may get initiated on its own due to
excessive compression (compression ignition).
10/14/18 Such engines are called: 3
 Based on
mechanism of
ignition INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINES

SPARK IGNITION COMPRESSION

ENGINES IGNITION ENGINES

The spark ignition engines may have

“magneto ignition system” or “battery ignition
system” for creating necessary electric
potential for producing spark.
In compression ignition engines, ignition of
10/14/18 fuel takes place on its own due to high 4
 THE BASIC COMPONENTS OF IC ENGINE

 Cylinder: it is a cylindrical block having cylindrical

space inside for piston to make reciprocating
motion.
 Piston: piston is a cylindrical part which
reciprocates inside the cylinder and is used for
doing work and getting work.
 Valves: engine has both intake and exhaust type of
valves which are operated by valve operating
mechanism.
 Spark plug: it is the external ignitor used for
initiating combustion process.
 Connecting rod: it is the member connecting
piston and crankshaft.
10/14/18
Crank: it is the rigid member connecting the 5
 SPARK IGNITION ENGINES
Based on number of strokes, spark ignition engines are two
types:-
i. Two stroke petrol engine,
ii. Four stroke petrol engine.
working of two stroke petrol engine
Stroke:1- As soon as the charge is ignited by the spark plug the hot
gases force the piston to move from TDC to BDC. During the stroke
the inlet port is covered by the piston and the new charge is
compressed in the crank case. Further downward movement of the
piston uncovers first the exhaust port then the transfer port. The
burnt gases escape through the exhaust port. As soon as the transfer
port opens, compressed charge from the crankcase flows into the
cylinder. This charge enters into the cylinder, it pushes out the
exhaust gases from the cylinder. The process of removal of exhaust
gases by the fresh incoming charge is known as scavenging.
Stroke:2- Here the piston moves from BDC to TDC, during which the
exhaust port and transfer port are covered and the charge in the
10/14/18 6
 working of four stroke petrol engine
Let us start with piston at TDC, state 1. As piston moves for
TDC to BDC, the inlet valve gets opened and fresh air-fuel
mixture prepared in carburetor enters the cylinder. This
supply of charge is called suction stroke during which inlet
valve is open while exhaust valve remains closed. After the
piston reaches BDC, it reverses its motion and moves
towards TDC. During this piston travel both inlet and
exhaust valves remain closed. Thus, the charge inside
cylinder gets compressed till piston reaches TDC. This is
the compression stroke.
Now highly compressed charge is available inside the
cylinder and ready for combustion. With piston at TDC, the
spark plug is activated and it releases spark for igniting
charge and provides suitable amount of energy in the form
of spark for initiating combustion process. Due to this
release of fuel energy, the combustion products try to
expand
10/14/18
and piston moves from TDC to BDC. During this 7
 COMPRESSION IGNITION
ENGINES
Based on number of strokes, compression ignition
engines are two types:-
i. Two stroke diesel engine,
ii. Four stroke diesel engine.
working of two stroke diesel
engine
Upon piston reaching TDC fuel is injected into
compressed air which is at high temperature and
pressure. As fuel is injected into compressed air the
fuel ignition gets set on its own due to temperature
being more than self ignition temperature of fuel, i.e.
compression ignition. Fuel injection is continued for
some duration along with its ignition which causes
release of excessive fuel energy. This energy release
causes piston to go back from TDC to BDC, i.e. the
10/14/18 8
 working of four stroke diesel engine

 Stroke 1: piston travels from TDC to BDC and air is sucked.

 Stroke 2: piston travels from BDC to TDC, while air is
compressed with inlet and exit passages closed.
 Stroke 3: piston reaches TDC and air gets compressed. Fuel
injector injects fuel into compressed air for certain duration.
Ignition of fuels also takes place simultaneously as air
temperature is much higher than self ignition temperature of
fuel. Burning of fuel results in release of fuel chemical energy,
which forces piston to travel from TDC to BDC. This is expansion
process and piston comes down to BDC with both inlet and exit
valves closed.
 Stroke 4: after expansion piston reverses its motion upon
reaching BDC and travels up to TDC with exit passage open.
10/14/18 9
 ADVANCEMENT IN IC ENGINES
5 Fuel-Saving Technologies:
In the long run, the internal combustion engine (ICE) is on the way out and electric motors are on the way in, but ICEs have
been around for so loooong that we should be careful about announcing their demise. They're going to stick around a while
longer, and so it's very important to make them as efficient and clean as possible.
5 fuel-saving technologies that are keeping the ICE relevant (if far from ideal). As they say, they still work on basically the
same principle as they ever did, but old 4-cylinder engines produced about 20 horsepower while modern ones can generate
up to 250 hp while being cleaner and burning less gas. Read on for more details on the 5 fuel-saving technologies: Clean
diesel, direct injection, cylinder deactivation, turbochargers, and variable valve timing and lif.
Clean Diesel :
Various advances such as the availability of ultra low sulphur diesel fuel, better catalysts and
particulate matter traps, better control over combustion are making diesel engines cleaner, so
you can expect a new wave of diesel passenger vehicles to come to the US in the next few
years.
Diesel engines are certainly far from perfect, but they have inherently better thermal efficiency
than gasoline engines, and they are usually more durable (if also more expensive and heavier).
Another benefit is that they can run on biodiesel, which if you can find fuel made from waste
cooking oil or (in the next few years) from algae can be very green.

10/14/18 10
 5 fuel-saving technologies
Direct Injection
Before direct injection, the fuel was mixed with air in the car's intake manifold. Now, with direct injection, the fuel is
mixed with air inside the cylinder, allowing for better control over the amount of fuel used, and variations
depending on demand (acceleration vs. cruising). This makes the engine more fuel efficient.
Cylinder Deactivation
The name says it all. ICEs with this feature can simply deactivate some cylinders when less power is required,
temporarily reducing the total volume of the engine cylinders and so burning less fuel. This feature is found on V6
and V8 engines.
Turbochargers
Turbochargers increase the pressure inside cylinders, cramming more air and allowing combustion to generate
more power. This doesn't make the engine more economical in itself, but since a smaller displacement engine can
generate more peak power, you can more easily downsize and save there.

10/14/18 11
 5 fuel-saving technologies
Variable Valve Timing and Lift
Valves open and close to allow air and fuel to enter cylinders and for the products of combustion to exit.
Different valve timings produce different results (more power, better fuel economy). Traditionally, you couldn't
vary that timing, so the choice had to be made once when the engine was designed. But many modern
engines can vary valve timing, allowing for example the default low RPM range of the engine to have more
economical timing, and the higher RPM range to go for max power. This allows a smaller displacement
engine to produce more peak power, so it allows for downsizing and fuel savings.
One Big Problem With All of This
The problem is that most of the gains from these technological breakthroughs have been used to increase
power instead of reducing fuel consumption. At best, fuel economy stayed the same while power increased.
Now that environmental awareness is increasing, that global warming is on everybody's mind and that oil is
very expensive, we can hope that carmakers will end the horsepower arms race and finally use these
technologies to truly make more efficient cars.

10/14/18 12
 Thank You
Again, I am thankful to Er. A.K.
SINGH sir to giving me an
opportunity to work on my report.
I would like to express my gratitude
towards my batch mates for their
kind co-operation and