BIO AKUSTIK

FAKHRURRAZY
 BUNYI
• Bunyi ditimbulkan oleh vibrasi/getaran
dari molekul-molekul zat
• Kecepatan gelombang bunyi tergantung
medium, misalnya kecepatan bunyi
melewati udara sekitar 340 m/dtk, tetapi
di air 1500 m/dtk
 INDERA PENDENGARAN
• Pendengaran merupakan kemampuan untuk
mendeteksi tekanan vibrasi (getaran) tertentu
dalam udara dan untuk
menginterpretasikannya ke dalam bunyi atau
suara
• Telinga merupakan alat penerima gelombang
suara (di udara) kemudian menjadi gerak
mekanik (di telinga tengah dan telinga dalam)
yang diubah menjadi aktivitas listrik (di
organon corti) menyebabkan stimulus saraf
yang dikenali otak sebagai bunyi
 INDERA PENDENGARAN
• Telinga merupakan organ pendengaran
(auditorik atau akustik) dan juga organ untuk
keseimbangan.
• Reseptor pendengaran yang terdapat di telinga
adalah mekanoreseptor. Kekuatan fisik, dalam
bentuk vibrasi suara, bertanggung jawab untuk
memulai impuls yang diinterpretasikan sebagai
suara
• Telinga terbagi menjadi tiga yaitu
• Telinga bagian luar
• Telinga bagian tengah
• Telinga bagian dalam
 INDERA PENDENGARAN
• Telinga Luar
• Auricula (daun telinga) dan saluran telinga
(meatus akustikus eksternus)
• Mengumpulkan dan menyalurkan gelombang
bunyi ke membran timfani
• Telinga Tengah
• Membran timfani, menggetarkan dan
menggerakkan tulang telinga (malleus, incus,
stapes); stapes menggerakkan oval window
cochlea
 INDERA PENDENGARAN
• Telinga Dalam
• Gerakan oval window meneruskan getaran ke skala
vestibuli
• Gelombang suara dengan frekuensi rendah, getaran
diteruskan ke scala timfani yang kemudian dilanjutkan
ke scala media (ductus cochlearis) dan merangsang
reseptor sel rambut di organon corti
• Pada frekuensi tinggi, getaran langsung menggetarkan
ductus cochlearis dan merangsang sel reseptor yang
berbeda
• Organon corti membangkitkan impuls saraf sebagai
respon terhadap vibrasi membran basiler;
menyebabkan depolarisasi dan menimbulkan potensial
aksi pada serabut afferen yang bersesuaian
• Perjalanan saraf
• Saraf kranial VIII (vestibulocochlearis) membawa
impuls sensai ke korteks auditorius di lobus temporalis
 Anatomy of the Ear

Sounds waves
in air
 Hearing
1. Location
• receptors found in inner ear
2. Structure/receptors
• organ of Corti
• found in cochlea of inner ear
• contains “hairs” that respond to vibration

3. Nerve pathway
• cochlear branch of vestibulocochlear nerve
carries impulses from inner ear; enters cranial
cavity through internal auditory meatus
 Hearing
4. Synapses
• fibers synapse in medulla oblongata (twice)
• fibers from medulla synapse in inferior
colliculus (midbrain)
• fibers from inferior colliculus synapse in
thalamus and are relayed to primary
auditory cortex
5. Final destination
• primary auditory cortex (on temporal lobe)
Cochlea/Resonance
of Membrane
Amplitude -intensity
(energy)
• healthy adult can pick
up sounds between 1-
120 dB
• 130dB - pain
Frequency - number of
waves/time
• range of human 20-
20,000 Hz
• most sensitive to
1500-4000 Hz
• low frequency sounds
to apex
• high frequency sounds
to base
 Hearing
• Hearing is our perception of the energy carried by sound waves
over the range 20-20,000 Hz at safe amplitudes of 1-80 dB.

Sound transduction turns:

• air waves into
• mechanical
vibrations, then
• fluid waves,
• chemical signals,
and finally
• action potentials.
 Hearing
• The cochlea of the
inner ear contains
three parallel, fluid
filled channels:
• the cochlear duct,
• the vestibular duct,
• the tympanic duct.
• The cochlear duct contains the organ of
Corti, which lies along the basilar membrane.
The organ of Corti is composed of hair cell
receptors and is partially covered by the
tectorial membrane.
 The Cochlea
The cochlea is the organ where sound waves are
converted first into fluid waves, then into
chemical signals and finally into action potentials

Or

The movement of the tectorial membrane

by sound waves moves the cilia on the hair
cells and effects neurotransmitter
release by the hair cells
 Sound Transmission
1. Sound waves in the air strike
the tympanic membrane
2. Sound wave energy is
transferred to bone of the
middle ear which vibrate
3. The vibrations are transmitted
via the oval window to the fluid
within the vestibular duct and
create a fluid wave within the
cochlea
4. The fluid waves push on the
flexible membrane of the
cochlear duct
6
Vestibular 5. Sound waves are transmitted
duct to the tympanic duct and
dissipated back into air by the
movement of the round window.
Cochlear
duct 6. Deformation of the cochlear
duct causes the tectorial
membrane to move and activate
Tympanic the stereocilia of the hair cells.
duct
Vestibular System & Balance
 Defects of Hearing & Balance
• The auditory system operates over a wide frequency range (20 Hz-
20 kHz and sound intensities (100 dB). Central processing allows
selective extraction of important signals from a high level of
background noise. With normal ageing or other imposed defects the
vestibular and auditory systems can deteriorate.
• Two broad class of hearing loss (deafness) can be identified as
conductive loss ( impairment of transmission from sound energy to
the inner ear) or sensorineural loss (damage to the cochlea and hair
cell apparatus or the ascending afferent pathway).
• Disturbances to the vestibular system result in vertigo and nausea.
• Vertigo is a sensation of giddiness and an inability to maintain
balance. Nausea is commonly associated with motion sickness
originally experienced in ships (hence the name).
• Menieres’s disease is a condition resulting from overproduction of
endolymph and disturbs both vestibular and auditory function. It is
characterised by attacks of severe vertigo, nausea and tinnitus.