Chapter 1: Introduction

Computer Network is the interconnected collection

of autonomous computers.

Distributed system is the existence of multiple

autonomous computers which are not visible to the
user.
 Chapter 1: Introduction

Computer Networks vs. Distributed Systems

Users make the decision. O.S. makes the decision.

Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Uses of Computer Networks

1.1.1 Networks for Companies

Goals:
•Resource Sharing
•High Reliability
•Saving Money
•(people to people, machine to machine)
Communication Medium
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Uses of Computer Networks

1.1.1 Networks for Companies

Client-server model
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Uses of Computer Networks

1.1.2 Networks for People

•Access to remote information

E-banking
E-shopping
E-newspaper
On-line digital library
World Wide Web
•Person-to-person communication
Electronic mail, Video-conference
•Interactive entertainment
Video-on-Demand, Games
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.2 Network Hardware

Broadcast Networks

shared link (may be wireless)

Chapter 1: Introduction
1.2 Network Hardware

Point-to-point Networks

point to point link

 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.2 Network Hardware

Classifying by scales
 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.2 Network Hardware
1.2.1 Local Area Networks

A LAN (Local Area Network) is a data communication system

allowing a number of independent devices to communicate
directly with each other, within a moderately sized geographic
area over a physical communication channel of moderate data
rates.
 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.2 Network Hardware
1.2.1 Local Area Networks

LAN:
•short geographical distance (a few kilometers)
•high speed (Larger than 1 Mbps)
•multiple access (Many can use it at the same time)
•sharing (hardware, software, idea, feeling, emotion...)
 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.2 Network Hardware
1.2.1 Local Area Networks

Ethernet
Token
Ring
 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.2 Network Hardware
1.2.1 Local Area Networks

Standardization Body

IEEE (Institute of Electric and Electronic Engineers) 802 group

For example:
802.3: CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
Collision Detection) (Ethernet is one of them.)
802.4: Token Bus
802.5: Token Ring
 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.2 Network Hardware
1.2.2 Metropolitan Area Networks

DQDB: Distributed Queue Dual Bus (IEEE 802.6 standard)

 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.2 Network Hardware
1.2.3 Wide Area Networks
 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.2 Network Hardware
1.2.3 Wide Area Networks

Point to point ,Store & forward Subnet

 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.2 Network Hardware
1.2.3 Wide Area Networks

Network topologies
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.2 Network Hardware
1.2.3 Wide Area Networks
store-and-forward network

B
A
C
A sends a message to C through B.
B must store this message until B is sure that C has received it.

Store first, then forward. But when to start forwarding?

 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.2 Network Hardware
1.2.3 Wide Area Networks
store-and-forward network

B
A
C
A sends a message to C through B.
When to starting forwarding?
1. After the message is completely received
2. Start forwarding after a fixed amount of information(bits) received
3. Start forwarding immediately after receiving data (cut-through)
 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.3 Network Software Agreement between
communicating parties on how
1.3.1 Protocol Hierarchies communication is proceed

Defines operations &

services the lower layer
offers to the upper layer
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.3 Network Software

1.3.1 Protocol Hierarchies

A set of layers and protocols is called a network architecture.

A list of protocols used by a certain system, one protocol per

layer, is called a protocol stack.
An analogy

French

The common Dutch

can be changed.

Email can be used

instead of fax.
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.3 Network Software
1.3.2 Design Issues for the Layers
•A mechanism for identifying senders and receivers (naming
and addressing)
•rules of Data transfer (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex)
•error control (error correction and error detection)
•ordering and sequencing
•flow control, congestion control
•message or packet size (disassembling and reassembling)
•multiplexing and demultiplexing
•routing
•Security
•Scalable
•Quality of service: through put , time
•Confidentiality
•Integrity: altering others messages
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.3 Network Software

1.3.4 Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services

Six different types of service.

Chapter 1: Introduction
1.3 Network Software

1.3.4 Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services

Initial Destination Packet Error Flow Option

Issue setup address sequence control control negotiation

Connection only needed by by

required guaranteed Yes
during setup network network
Oriented layer layer

not needed for by by

Connection- not No
possible every packet guaranteed transport transport
less layer layer
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.4 Reference Models
1.4.1 The OSI Reference Model

In the late 1970s, to promote the compatibility of network

designs, the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) proposed an architecture model called the open
systems interconnection references model (OSI model).
services
layer N layer N
PDUs (protocol data unit)
layer N-1 layer N-1

actual data flow on the lowest level

Chapter 1: Introduction
1.4 Reference Models
1.4.1 The OSI Reference Model

What a mess! Much better!

Note: May not be the

most efficient!
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.4 Reference Models
1.4.1 The OSI Reference Model

7 application network services (email, file transfer)

6 presentation formatting, encryption, and compression
5 session setup and management of end-to-end conversation

4 transport end-to-end delivery of messages

3 network end-to-end transmission of packets

2 data link transmission of packets on one given link

1 physical transmission of bits
 Physical Layer
 Transmit raw bits over communication
channel
 Cabling system component
 Adapters that connect media to physical
interfaces
 Connector design & pin assignment
 Hub,repeaters specification
 Wireless system components
 Data Link layer
 Breaks up the data into data frames
 Transmit frames sequentily
 Flow control
 Error handling
 Network Layer
 Control the operation of subnet
 Route the packets from source to
destination
 Congestion control
 Allow heterogeneous networks to be
interconnected
 Transport Layer
 Offers end to end communication
 Split data into smaller units & pass to n/w
layer & insures the pieces all arrive
correctly at the other end
 Transporting of isolated messages
 Broadcasting of messages to multiple
destination
 Session Layer
 Virtual connection between application
entities
 Synchronisation of data flow
 Creation of dialog units
 Acknowedgement of data received during
session
 Retransmition of data if it is not received
 Presentation Layer
 Encryption & decryption of message for
security
 Compression & expansion of message
 Graphics formating
 Content tranlation
 System specific translation
 Application Layer
 Support for file tranfer
 Ability to print on a network
 Electronic mail
 Electronic messaging
 Browsing the World Wide Web
 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.4 Reference Models
1.4.1 The OSI Reference Model
Encapsulation data
7 application H: header AH data
T: trail
6 presentation Each may be empty. PH AH data
5 session SH PH AH data

4 transport TH SH PH AH data
3 network NH TH SH PH AH data

2 data link DH NH TH SH PH AH data DT

1 physical bit streams
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.4 Reference Models
(Transmission Control
1.4.2 The TCP/IP Reference Model Protocol/Internet Protocol)
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.4 Reference Models
1.4.2 The TCP/IP Reference Model

Protocols and networks in the TCP/IP model initially.