BY YATIKA

KULSHRESHTHA
APPLICATIONS BASICS AND THEIR
CLASSIFICATION
TYPES OF LOADS

CONSTANT VARIABLE
TORQUE LOAD TORQUE LOAD

POWER
TORQUE
LOADS
• CONSTANT TORQUE LOAD

• Torque requirement remains more or less same

throughout the speed.

• Power drawn by motor is proportional to speed.

• NOTE : A constant torque load is not necessarily

100% load.
 EXAMPLE :

CRANES , ELEVATORS,
RECIPROCATING PUMPS etc.
CRANES
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
ELEVATORS
VARIABLE TORQUE LOAD

• The loads which runs on centrifugal forces

Are called as variable torque loads.
EXAMPLE :

INDUSTRIAL FANS.
CONSTANT POWER LOAD
AC-Induction-Motor Theory
AC Induction Motor
 AC Induction Motor Theory

How a motor shaft rotates ?

 Torque is produced as the
induction motor generates flux
in its rotating magnetic field.
 This flux must remain constant to
produce full-load torque.
 AC Induction Motor Theory

 As shaft torque load increases, the slip

increases and more flux lines cut the rotor
windings, which in turn increases rotor
current, which increases the rotor magnetic
field and consequently the rotor torque.
 AC Induction Motor Issues

 The starting current is very high, between 3

to 8 times the full load current. Depending on the
size of the motor, this can result in voltage
sags in the power system.
 The full torque is applied instantly at starting
and the mechanical shock can eventually
damage the drive system, particularly with
materials handling equipment, such as
conveyors.
 In spite of the high starting current, for
some applications the starting torque may be
relatively low, only 1.0 to 2.5 times full load
torque.
 AC Induction Motor Theory

The speed of the rotating electric field

within the induction motor.

Synchronous Speed = 120 x frequency

no of poles
 SLIP = Ns – N / Ns

Torque is directly proportional to

stator current and
Flux.
• AC motor speed change can be
accomplished in three ways:

• Change the number of poles in the motor; this

means separate windings;
• Change the slip characteristics of the motor; this
is done with varying resistors, such as is done
with a wound-rotor motor or by varying the
stator voltage; or
• Change the frequency of the power supplied to
the motor. This is the method of choice .
Typical speed versus
torque curve .
• EMF GENERATED IS PROPORTIONAL TO
RATE AT WHICH ROTOR CONDUCTOR
CUTS THE FLUX.

• Emf generated is proportional to rate of change of flux.

• Flux is proportional to integration of voltage with respect to
time.
• Flux is directly proportional to V.T or V/F.

• So VFD should maintain or control V/F ratio to maintain or

control the torque.
• NEED OF VARIABLE
FREQUENCY DRIVES :

• SOFT START

• SPEED CONTROL

• TORQUE CONTROL

• ENERGY SAVING
The Purpose
of
VFD’s
 The Purpose
 Energy savings on most pump and fan
applications.
 Better process control and regulation.
 Speeding up or slowing down a machine or
process.
 Protection from overload currents
 Safe Acceleration
HOW DOES V/F
CONTROL IS
ACHIEVED ?
A VFD in a block
diagram.
SLD OF VFD
 Components of VFD’s

 All VFD’s need a power section that

converts AC power into DC power.
 This is called the converter bridge.
 Sometimes the front end of the
VFD, the converter is commonly a
three- phase, full-wave-diode bridge.
 Vacuum tubes
 Thyristors (SCR’s)
 provided the standard method for
rectifying AC. Also referred to as a
diode.
 Transistors provide fast switching
capability for a relatively low cost.
 The general types of transistors are:
» The bipolar transistor;
» The field-effect transistor (FET);
» The insulated gate-bipolar transistor (IGBT).
 The VFD changes the DC energy
into three channels of AC energy
that an AC induction motor can use
to function properly.
 Inverters are classified as voltage-
source, current-source of variable-
voltage types. This has to do with
the form of DC that the inverter
receives from the DC bus.
IGBT SWITCHING CONTROL:

PWM TECHNIQUE IS USED TO CONTROL THE

GATE PULSE OF IGBT.
Pulse-width-modulated voltage and
current waveforms.
 Volts-per-Hertz Control

The area within

each pulse is
the power
delivered to
the motor in
volt-
microseconds.
 The PWMs drive ability to maintain the AC
levels through all types of load conditions at
given speeds is the factor which separates
one drive manufacturer from the other.
 Types of VFD’s
 Solid-state AC VFD’s can be named
for their use, by their DC
bus/inverter voltage or current
source, by their waveform (PWM
or PAM), by the type of power
device used in their inverter
section, or by their performance
characteristics.
 Functions &
Features

 Jump, Skip or Critical Frequencies

 Fault Logs and On-Board
Diagnostics
 Slip Compensation
 Conclusion
 Significant energy savings
 Easy setup & programming
 Space
 Better design
 Competitive edge
The main objective of the VFD is to
vary the speed of the motor while
providing the closest approximation to
a sine wave for current (while pulsing
DC voltage to the motor).
THANK YOU