Alkena 1
Alkena 1
limonen
(dalam lemon oil)
1
Alkane: CnH2n+2 hidrokarbon jenuh (saturated)
Alkena: CnH2n hidrokarbon tak jenuh (unsaturated)
H H CH3
CH3 CH CH2
C C C CH2
propena
H H CH3
(propilena)
etena 2-metilpropena
(etilena) (isobutilena)
H Cl
C C
H H a-pinena
kloroetena (turpentina)
(vinil klorida)
H H O
OH
Asam oleat (asam lemak tak jenuh
2
I. Tatanama
• alkena: rantai induk yang mengandung C=C
C=C ada pada nomor terkecil
posisi C=C diindicated by lower of the two numbers
CH3 CH2 CH CH2
1-butena
4-metil-1-butena
3-bromosiklohexena
Br
• polyenes:alkadiene, alkatriene, etc.
1,3-butadiena
5,5-dimetil-1,3-siklopentadiena
bisiklo[2.2.1]-2,5-heptadiena
3
• C=C and OH: alkenol
OH lebih tinggi prioritasnya
ada pada akhiran, dan nomor terendah
OH
2-propen-1-ol
5-metil-4-hexen-2-ol
OH
OH
2-sikloheksenol
4
• gugus samping : contoh
CH2 Br
1-vinilsikloheksena metilenesiklopentana 5
Soal
Tuliskan nama IUPAC untuk senyawa berikut
2,3,4,5-tetrametil-1,4-heksadiena
5-heksen-3-ol
OH
OH
2,4-sikloheksadienol
6
II. Hubungan struktur-sifat
A. Polaritas
Cl Cl Cl H
C C C C
H H H Cl
m = 1.7 D m=0D
b.p. = 60ºc b.p. = 48ºc
7
B. Stabilitas
1. Lebih tersubstitusi = lebih stabil derajat substitusi
R R R H
C C > C C > RCH CHR , R2C CH2 > RCH CH2 > H2C CH2
R R R R
Kereaktifan
Ikatan p merupakan daerah dengan kerapatan elektron tinggi = nukleofil
Alkena mengalami reaksi adisi, di mana ikatan p jadi dua ikatan s baru
9
REAKSI PADA ALKENA
Y Z
Reaksi adisi
C C + Y Z C C
H2, Ni
O
Asam stearat
(jenuh)
OH
10
H H
Pt
C C + H2 C C DHº ~ -30 kcal/mol
DHº
-30.1 kcal
-28.1
-27.8
-26.7
11
30.1 less stable
28.1
27.8
27.2
26.7 more stable
0 0
12
B. Stereokimia dari hidrogenasi
Y Y Z
YZ YZ
C C C C C C
Z
anti addition syn addition
CH3
H2 H
Pt H
CH3
13
Soal
Tuliskan produk untuk reaksi berikut.
H
H2 H
Pt
14
II. Adisi elektrofilik
nucleophile
Ikatan p yang lemah berubah menjadi 2 ikatan s baru yang lebih kuat
Reactivitas: HI > HBr > HCl >> HF (asam lebih kuat = electrofil lebih baik
+ -
H X
X
H H X
C C C C C C
RLS fast
HBr
Br
I
HI
16
1. Aturan Markovnikov
Pada adisi HX ke alkena, H pergi ke karbon yang lebih banyak H nya
HBr Br
CH3 CH CH2 but not CH3 CH2 CH2 Br
CH3 CH CH3
Soal : gambarkan produk dari tiap reaksi berikut ini
HI
I
HCl Cl
HBr
Br
I
HI
and
I
17
2. Mekanisme
Br
Br
H Br CH3 CH CH3
2º carbocation
more stable
CH3 CH CH2
Br Br
CH3 CH2 CH2
1º carbocation
less stable
18
2. Mekanisme
Rendah Ea
Laju Br
pembentukan
cepat
Br
Br
Br
+ HBr
19
3. Penataan ulang karbokation
HBr
+
Br
HBr Br
Br
H
Br
1,2-H shift
Br
Br
20
3. Penataan ulang karbokation
HCl
+
Cl
Cl
Soal
Tuliskan produk utama reaksi berikut:
Br Orientasi Markovnikov
+ HBr no
peroxides
22
4. Adisi Radikal bebas- HBr
Br
C C + Br C C
Propagasi
Br Br H
C C + HBr C C + Br
Br H
net: C C + HBr C C
23
HBr
Br Br
3º
Br
1º
24
Bandingkan: adisi HBr tanpa dan dengan peroksida
Br
HBr Br Markovnikov
orientation
(H+)
Regiochemical control 25
Soal : Berikan produk utama dari reaksi berikut
.
HBr Br
rearranges to more
stable carbocation
HBr
Br goes anti-Mark via free
peroxides radical, no rearrangemen
26
B. Adisi dengan asam sulfat (industrial)
H OSO3H H OH
H2O
C C + H2SO4 C C C C
Markovnikov
orientation
27
H OH
H+ reverse of dehydration
C C + H2O C C (Le Châtelier)
OH
H2O
H2SO4 Markovnikov
OH2 OH
H+ H2O -H+
-H+ -H2O H+
X X
C C + X2 C C (X = Cl or Br)
a vicinal dihalide
Br
Br2
CCl4 trans only
Br
29
D. Adisi dengan halogen
Mekanisme : halonium ions
Br
Br
Br Br
C C C C C C
Br Br
cyclic bromonium ion
Br
Br
Br Br trans product
Br Br
anti addition 30
E. Pembentukan halohidrin
X OH
X2
C C C C + HX
H2O
vicinal halohydrin
Br
Br
Br Br Br
C C C C -H+ C C
C C
OH2 OH
H2O
anti addition
Br2 Br
H2O
31
OH
II. Adisi Elektrofilik
E. Pembentukan halohidrin
Cl OH
Regioselektif: Cl2
but not
H2O
OH Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl Cl
larger major
contributor contributor
than 1º cation
32
Cl Cl
Hibridisasi resonansi :
+ +
OH2
OH2
33
Nukleofil lain :
CH3
Br2
OCH3
CH3OH
Br
-H+
Br
Br
CH3
Br CH3
O
H
Br
CH3OH
34
Soal. Tuliskan produk, tunjukkan stereokimianya bila ada
35
III. Reaksi lain dari Alkena
A. Hidroborasi-oksidasi
H BR2 H OH
R2BH H2O2
C C C C C C
Boron
OH-
hidrida
Organoboran Orientasi antiMarkovnikov
stereoselectif syn addition
Tak ada penataan ulang
CH3
1) B2H6 anti-Markovnikov
H
2) H2O2, OH- syn addition
OH
36
Mekanisme :
- +
B2H6 2 BH3 H BH2
more
diborane borane
electropositive
than H
- +
H BH2 -
H BH2 H BH2
CH3 CH CH2 CH3 CH CH2 CH3 CH CH2
+ syn addition
more substituted C
bears larger +
OH
antiMarkovnikov
Reaksi ini berlangsung serentak C-B dan C-H seiring dengan putusnya
C=C dan B-H
37
Mekanisme :
H H H
BH2 BH2 BR2
p p
p
H R R HOO
B R H B R
O O H O
HO
H H
O OH
H O H
38
Kontrol Regiokimia dalam sintesis:
OH
H2O Markovnikov
H2SO4
1) B2H6 OH antiMarkovnikov
2) H2O2, OH-
39
Soal. Tuliskan produk untuk reaksi-reaksi berikut.
1. B2H6
OH anti-Markovnikov
2. NaOH, H2O2
H2O OH Markovnikov
H2SO4
40
B. Epoksidasi
O O O
C C + R C O OH C C + R C OH
peroxy acid
O O epoxide
CH3 C O OH
O OH
peroxyacetic acid m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid
(mCPBA)
Cl
O
epoksietana (etilen oksida)
O
1,2-epoksipropana (propilen oksida)
O
CH3CO3H
H H cis-2,3-epoksibutana
H3C CH3
O
" H CH3 trans-2,3-epoksibutana
H3C H
42
C. Ozonolisis
1) O3 Pemutusan
C C C O + O C
2) H2O, Zn Oksidatif
R R R R
C C " C O + O C
R H R H
ketone aldehyde
R H R H
C C " C O + O C
R H R H
ketone formaldehyde
43
Sintesis :
O
1) O3
H
2) H2O, Zn
O
44
III. Other Reactions of Alkenes
C. Ozonolysis
Answer 6-10. What is the structure of the unknown alkene if ozonolysis
produced the following: O
O O
unknown 1) O3 H +
+ H
alkene 2) H2O, Zn
H
O
The fragments are colored to make it easier to see how they go together. The
fragment with two carbonyls must contain two double bonds. The alkene is
2,7-dimethyl-2,4-octadiene. It is impossible to determine whether the
diene is E or Z. CH3 CH3
C
O
+ CH3 CH3
C
O
C C H
C H H
H C CH3
C
O H CH2 CH CH3
+
O CH3
H C CH CH CH3
2 45
D. Polimerisasi
radical
H2C CH
initiator CH2 CH n = 1000’s – 10,000’s
n
Y Y
monomer polymer
radical initiators: O2
O O di-t-butyl peroxide
O O
O O benzoyl peroxide
46
monomer polimer
47
monomer polimer
Cl
H2C CCl2 CH2 C “Saran”
n
Cl
48
Free-radical chain polymerization:
ROOR 2 RO Initiation
RO + CH2 CH RO CH2 CH
R R
Markovnikov
RO CH2 CH + CH2 CH RO CH2 CH CH2 CH
Propagation
R R R R
49
Summary: Reaksi pada alkena
Tuliskan produk dari reaksi berikut, termasuk stereokimianya bila ada
CH3
CH3
H2 mCPBA O
Pt
CH3 CH3
1) B2H6 Br2 OH
2) H2O2, OH- OH H2O
Br
HBr HBr
Br peroxides
Br
H2O OH Br2 Br
H2SO4 CCl4
Br
50
Summary: Reaksi pada alkena
Tuliskan pereaksi pada reaksi berikut
H2 O OH HBr
H2SO4
Br
HBr 1. B2H6
Br 2. H2O2, OH-
peroxides
OH
O O
Br2 HO
1. O3
2. H2O, Zn H H2O
Br
51
52
IV. Introduction to Organic Synthesis
?
A Z
B V
F
C G K W
A H Z
D N R X
E S Y
T
What kinds of What kinds of
reactions will How do I find a reactions will
A undergo? path between them? produce Z?
53
IV. Introduction to Organic Synthesis ?
Work backwards! And know the reactions!
Solution:
Br2 Br
KOH, heat
heat
54
IV. Introduction to Organic Synthesis
Question 6-13. Convert the starting material to the indicated product. Show all
necessary reagents. Write the product of each step. Then check your answers.
OH OH
Br
OCH3
OH
O
OH
H
Br H
Br
Br O
Cl O
Check Answer
Cl
55
IV. Introduction to Organic Synthesis
Answer 6-13. Convert the starting material to the indicated product. Show all
necessary reagents. Write the product of each step. Then check your answers.
OH OH
1. Cl2, hv (or Br2, heat); 2.BrKOH, ethanol
OCH3
OH
1. Br2, heat; 2. KOH, EtOH; 3. a) B2H6; b)H2O2,
OH-
O
OH
1. KOH, EtOH; 2. HBr, peroxides H
Br H
Br
Br O
Cl O
1. Cl2, hv; 2. KOH, EtOH; 3. Cl2, CCl4
Cl
56
IV. Introduction to Organic Synthesis
Answer 6-13. Convert the starting material to the indicated product. Show all
necessary reagents. Write the product of each step. Then check your answers.
OH OH
1. H2SO4, heat; 2. Br2, H2O
Br
O
OH
H
H 1. H2SO4, heat; 2. A) O3; b) H2O, Zn
r
Br O
O
57
58