Memory

Memory: meaning, concept &

definition
 The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model
The Environment
Sensation
Sensory Registers
Consciousness
Short Term Memory
Encoding Retrieval
Long Term Memory
 Input

Output/
Encoding
Response

Retrieval/
Storage
Decoding
 Three Stages of Memory

• Three memory stores that differ in function,

capacity and duration

Maintenance Rehearsal

Encoding
Sensory Attention
Sensory Working or Long-term
Memory Short-term memory
Input
Memory Retrieval
• Memory
ability to recall information
and experiences
• Memory relies on learning.
An individual’s established
knowledge base provides a
structure of past learning.
Incoming data attaches to that
structure though association.
The Neuro-anatomy of Memory

• Hippocampus
• Amygdala
Types of Memory
A Tale of Three Memories

- Iconic/ Sensory Memory

- Short Term / Working Memory
- Long term Memory Long-term
Short Term /
Memory
Working Memory
 A Tale of Three Memories

• Iconic memory
– large capacity
– Same modality as experience
– Very fast decay
 A Tale of Three Memories

• Short Term Memory,

– Limited capacity
– Acoustic recoding
– Rehearsal maintains information
• Probabilistic transfer into LTM
– information from LTM retrieved and used
here
Also called Working Memory

Whatever information is in conscious

awareness. Any information that we are
remembering or manipulating occurs in
STM.
A Tale of Three Memories
Long-term Memory
• The ability to transfer information from short-
to long-term memory is relevant to the
learning process.
People use attention, repetition, and
association with past learning to encode
information.
Neurologically, encoding
happens when information
is repeatedly processed
in the hippocampus.
A Tale of Three Memories

Long term memory

- Unlimited capacity
- Semantic coding
- Little coding
 Long Term memory

Long-term Memory

Explicit Memory Implicit Memory

Episodic Semantic Procedural Classical Priming

Memory Memory Memory Conditioning
 Explicit and Implicit Memory
Explicit memory task
- Recall in voluntary and conscious
- Also called Declarative memory
Implicit memory task
- Involuntary and unconscious
- Also called Non-Declarative memory
 Semantic Network Model

Car Bus
Truck Fire
House
Engine
Fire
Ambulance
Red Hot Stove
Rose
Apple Cherry Pot Pan
Violet
Flower
Pear Pie
 Examples of Types of Memories
• Episodic: “I bumped into a friend today at the
diner whom I hadn’t seen since last year.”
• Semantic: “George Washington was the first
President of the U.S.”
• Procedural Memory: Riding a bike
• Classical conditioning: Reflexes
• Priming: Jingles
 Traditional Model of Memory

• Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) 3 Stage Model

Short Term Long Term

Sensory
Stimuli Memory Memory
registers
(STM) (LTM)

Information Processing Model

 Measuring Memory
Measuring Long term Memory
Recall
Recognition
Savings
Effective encoding, storage and constructions
of memories
Chunking: Try and remember the following string
of letters (in order):
XCI AFB IVC RDN AIB MQZ
X CIA FBI VCR DNA IBM QZ

Imagery
Mnemonics
State dependency
Context dependency
Hour – Minute
Monkey – Banana
 Memory Improvement Procedures

• Will to learn
• Interest and attention
• Adopting proper methods of memorization
• Following the principles of association
• Grouping and rhythm
• Utilizing as many senses as possible
• Arranging better learning situations
• The learner’s internal factor
• Provision for change and proper rest
• Repetition and practice
• Making use of SQ 4 R technique
• Making use of mnemonics
 The Concept: Forgetting

From different perspectives

• Biological approach
• Cognitive approach
• Behaviorist approach
 Causes of Forgetting
• Absence of Reinforcement
• Proactive and Retroactive Inhibition
• Distortion of Memory Traces
• Repression
• Emotional Blocking
• Decay of Memory Traces Due to Disuse
• Trauma or any psychological problems
• Limitation in arranging or coding