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Rekayasa
Genetik

Genetika
Biologi Sel

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Bioteknologi

 Ilmu yang mempelajari penggunaan

agen hayati untuk menghasilkan
barang
 Ilmu yang mempelajari penggunaan
agen hayati/bagiannya untuk
menghasilkan barang/jasa

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Bioteknologi Klasik

 Keju
 Anggur
 Tempe
 Tape

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Produksi insulin manusia

 Nilai saham Genentech 15 Okt

1980 dalam 20 menit

 $ 35 menjadi 71.25

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 Contoh Produk Protein
2001 – 2005
Yang Beredar di Kuba 1. Haemophylus B vaccine
2. Combined vaccines (HB-Hib,DPT-Hib, DPT-HBb-Hib,).
3. Vaccines and MAbs for cancer therapy
4. Meningitis vaccine
5. Hepatitis B vaccine
6. Meningococcus ACYW135 vaccine
7. HB Uniject vaccine
8. EPO (CIM, CIGB)
9. Products and equipment for Neurophysioloy and
Neuroinformatics
10. New diagnostic systems
1991 – 2000 11.
12.
Streptokinase (w/o HSA)
Neurological restoration services
1. Meningitis vaccine
13. Leptospirae vaccine
2. Hepatitis B vaccine 14. MEN B vaccine
3. Heberkinasa 15. Salmonella vaccine
16. Tethanus Toxoid
4. Heberon alfa r 17. GCSF
5. Hebermin 18. Allergens
6. Gavac 19. Trofin
20. Interferon (liquid, w/o HSA)
7. SUMA System 21. Interferon (liofylized, w/o HSA)
8. DIRAMIC 22. Interferon + ribavirine
23. Gamma Interferon
9. Hebertrans 24. Interleukin-2
10.Culture media 25. PPG-plus
26. Humanized anti EGF-receptor antibody
11.Policosanol 27. SUMA system
12.Trofin 28. Agriculture products (GAVAC, Bionematicide)
29. EGF (parenteral)
13.Natural products 30. Hebertrans
14.Neurodiagnostic systems
1981 – 1990 15.Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody
31.
32.
Culture media
New advanced generics
1. Anti-meningococcus bc 33. Cytostatics
16.Surfacen 34. Technology transfers
vaccine 17.Generics 35. Placenta derivatives
2. Heberon alfa rec. 36. EPO plus 8
18.Placenta derivatives 37. Surfacen
3. Diagnostics 19.Neurological restoration services 38. EGF viscous solution
Biotechnology Industry in
China
•
Biological Pharmaceutical
-New drug discovery
-Gene therapy
-Biochip
-Diagnostic Reagents
Agriculture Breeding(Plant and Animal)
•
•
Food Industry (Fermentation)
•
Transgenic animal
•
Plant Biotechnology (Anti-adversity plant, haploid breeding)
•
Bio-medical Engineering (Artificail tissues & organs)
•
Chinese traditional medicines
•
Biological Reagents and Equipments
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Pharmaceuticals

 Antibiotics (Penicillin, Streptomycin,

Semisynthetic Antibiotics)
 Vitamins (Fermentation to produce Vitamin
C)
 Biological Medicines (Interferon, Interleukin,
TNF, HGH, CSF, Calcitonin, etc.)
 Diagnostic Reagents (ELISA, PCR, etc)
 Health Protection Products ( Melatonin,
Neuro-Peptide, Nuclear Acids)
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Biological Medicines in
China
 Status: Imported and Assembly
 Many company produced the same product
(In year 2000 200 companies and 15 medicines get License)
 Examples:
*Recombinant Human Interferon (α1a, α2a, α2b)
*Recombinant Human Interliukin (IL)
*Recombinant Human Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF)
*Recombinant Human Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating
Factor
(GM-CSF)
*Recombinant Human Epidermal Growth Factor (HEG)
*Recombinant Human Growth Hormone (HGH)
*Recombinant Human Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor
*Recombinant Human Erythrogenin (EPO) 11
Diagnostic Reagents and Kits in
China
 ELISA (HBV, HCV, HIV, etc)
 PCR Kit
 Colloid Gold Labeling
 DNA Chip and Protein Chip
*Antibody Protein Chip Diagnostic System
*Pylorus Spirus Bacillus Antibody Protein
Diagnostic System
*Multiple Cancer Labeling Protein Chip Diagnostic System

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Vaccines and Blood Products in China

 Vaccines and Blood Products

Manufacturing by 6 Biological Products Institutes
(Beijing, Shanghai, Changchun, Wuhan, Chendu
and Lanzhou)

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Genetic Identity in China

 Forensic
*Criminal investigation
*Paternity testing
*Body identification for Victims of Accident

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 Entrepreneurship is Key
 Research base is necessary but not
sufficient
 Commercialization Assets
– Entrepreneurial researchers
– Industry-relevant talent
 Technical
 Managerial

– Venture capital--surprisingly localized

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Outlook for the “Bottom”

 Biotech strategies are

– Expensive
– Risky
– Time-consuming

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Conclusions
 Place still matters, even in a
quintessential knowledge industry
 Not just research, but the ability
to turn ideas into businesses
 The power of clustering provides
decisive business advantages

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BIOTEKNOLOGI MODERN

 Menggunakan agensia hayati/bagian

darinya
 Menghasilkan barang/jasa
 Integrasi kaidah ilmiah dan
perekayasaan
 Pada aras biologi molekular

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Ruang-lingkup

 Diagnosis cepat dan tepat

 Produksi antibiotik, enzim, hormon,
asam amino, polimer, bahan kimia
 Pengolahan polutan dan bahan
buangan
 Tanaman/hewan transgenik yang
menghasilkan obat
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Kekhawatiran

 Organisme hasil rekayasa :

– Milik pribadi ?
– Pengaruh terhadap lingkungan
 Prosedur diagnosis melanggar HAM ?
 Pengobatan dengan teknik molekuler
utk orang kaya

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TOPIK BAHASAN
 Rekayasa Genetik
 Teknik Biologi Molekular:
– PCR
 Diagnosis Molekular :
– Penyakit infeksi virus, bakteri
– Penyakit genetik
 Terapi Gena
 Sidikjari DNA

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PUSTAKA
 1.T.A.Brown, 2001, An introduction : Gene cloning
and DNA analysis, Fourth Edition, Blackwell
Science, Manchetser UK.
 2.J.D.Watson, 1992, Recombinant DNA, Second
Edition
 3.B.R.Glick & J.J.Pasternak, 1998, Molecular
Biotechnology : Ppriciples andApplication of
Recombinant DNA, Second Edition, ASM Press,
Washington D.C.
 4.DJA Crommelin & RD Sindelar Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology
 5. Sudjadi, 2008, Bioteknologi Kesehatan

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Human 2.9x109 bp

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(Berg JM et al, 2002)

 Kromosom
tanpa histon

(Dovlin TM, 2002) 24

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(Devlin TM, 2002)
Strand baru

(Devlin TM, 2002)

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Topoisomerase
DNA

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MENGHAMBAT SINTESIS DNA
MEKANISME OBAT ANTI VIRUS
– ACYCLOVIR
MEKANISME OBAT KANKER
– GANCYCLOVIR

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 Denaturasi 94oC,
Anealing primer 55oC, Sintesis 72oC

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PCR
Gen Normal Gen Penderita

Hasil amplifikasi dipotong dengan Ensim CvnI

Elektroforesis
Normal Pembawa Sakit

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(Glick BR & Pasternak JJ, 1994)

 PAGE?
SDS-PAGE?
GLUTAMAT VALIN

 Kodon glutamat : GUU, GUC, GUA,

GUG
 Kodon valin : GAA, GAG
 Pengenalan CvnI :
 Pengenalan MstII: -CCTNAGG
PCR (Chehab dkk)

 P-1 5’-GGGCTGGGCATAAAAGTCA-3’
 P-2 5’-ATTAGACCAATAGGCAGAG-3’
 Ukuran 294 pb
 Lokus 0xaNI
 HbA : 191 dan 103 pb
 HbS : ?
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SIDIK JARI DNA

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Splising

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(Alberts B, et al, 1994)
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Berg JM, et al, 2002
 DNA
vektor

EcoRI

Ligase

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 Membran
nilon

Master
plate

Lisis,
denturasi,
dikeringkan

Hibridisasi
protein
X
antibodi

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(Berg JM, et al, 2002)
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 What Is Cloning?
 A clone is a genetically identical copy of
a living organism, such as the famous
sheep ‘Dolly’
 Similar to an identical twin

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 TheCloning
Making of Dolly
depends on DNA
Step 1: Take the Nuclei out of a sheep egg
Step 2: Transfer nuclei from the Mother

Empty
DNA DNA

Sheep Egg Mother’s Egg 56

 Hello Dolly

July 5, 1996, Dolly was born at the

Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland

She was cloned using a cell taken from a

healthy six-year-old sheep 57
 Cloning and the Cell
Nucleus

Its all about DNA 58

 Good-Bye Dolly
 At age 3 Dolly showed signs of premature
aging.
 Dolly died at 6 years old from progressive
lung disease (symptom of old age)
 Dolly’s DNA was already 6 years old when
she was born - WHY?

It’s all about DNA

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 More on Dolly and
Cloning
Dolly’s experimenters used 277 cloned
embryos to produce one sheep, meaning
276 failed.

Question
How many failures will it
take to produce a human

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 Other Cloned Animals

July 1998
Cloned Cloned
cloned calves
mouse mule

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Future Experiments

ButterCat CatCow
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