PHYSIOLOGY OF

THE EYE
Bagian Ilmu Kesehatan Mata
FK UNhas
Objectives
After studying in this lecture, students are able to :
 Explaining anatomy of each structure of the eye

and its function

 Explain the basic function of the eye

 Explaining the mechanism of image forming

 Explaining transformation from image to vision

Definition
 See  complicated process
 Elaborate processes of physics, chemical and
electrobiology
 Vision brain’s peception of the image formed by
the eye
Imagine your eyes
as a camera
Refraction of light
Simple schematic
Sagital View of the eye
1. Image Focusing  Refractive media

 Cornea
 Humor akuos
 Crystallin Lens
 Vitreous Body
Refractive media  CORNEA
 The most important
 Barrier
 Refraction power ±
43 Dioptri
 Refraction index(n)
1.376
Cornea Physiology
 Ephitelial cell: 4-8
days
 Ephitelial cell can
regenerate in 7 hours
 Ephitelial and tear
film  optical surface
 Endothelial pump
mantain relative
dehidration
Physiology cont’d
 Innervated by N
V.1 corneal
sensitivity
 Tear film 
maintain the smooth
corneal surface,
and protection
effect
Tear Film
Consisted of 3 subtances

1. Lipid layer , produced by Meibom gland, located

within tarsus

2. Aquous layer, produced by accessory lacrimal gland

Krause and Wolfring. Glucouse, protein, immun
system, lisosim, oksigen, vit, C ext

3. Mucin layer, procuced by goblet cell in basal cell

epthelial conjungtiva. hydrophilic
Refractive Media  Aquos Humor
 Produced by the
ciliary body
 Refractive Media
 Maintain the
ocular pressure
 Refractive index
1.336
 Refractive Media  The Lens
• biconvex, avascular, and
transparent
• 66% water
•Other  Proteins
• Protein Can be degenerated
 cataract
Other function
1. Accommodations
2. UV absorption (protecting
the retina)
Akomodasi
 Kanak-kanak: daya refraksi bisa diubah dengan
sadar dari 20 ke 34 diopter; berarti ada
‘akomodasi’ 14 dipter
 Menggunakan penggembungan lensa
 kontraksiotot siliaris
 regangan 70 ligamen suspensorium kendor

 dapat dirangsang oleh saraf parasimpatis

 Presbiopia: daya akomodasi turun

Parasympathetic Pathways: Pupillary Light Reflex
NEAR REFLEX
 Accomodation : N III parasympathis
 Convergention : N III motoric : m. Rectus medialis
 Miosis : N III parasympathis ; m. Spincter pupilae
 Myopia corrected by concav lens

Hypermetropia corrected by convex lens

Visual acuity
 Normal VA : 6/6 m
 sometimes said VA 1(desimal) or 20/20 feet
 The patient can see at 6 m, same as normal people
Refractive Media  Vitreous Body
 Struktur seperti gel
 80% terdiri air
 Index bias 1.334.
 Beratnya sekitar 4g,
 volumenya 4 cc
 Ukuran sekitar 2/3 dari
seluruh volume bola
mata
Refractive Indices of Refractive Media
Thickness Refractive Position
Element Surface Radius (mm) (mm) Index (mm)
Air 1.000
Cornea Anterior 7.7 0.50 1.376 0.0
Posterior 6.8 0.50
Aqueous 3.10 1.336
Anterior lens Anterior 10.0 0.546 1.386 3.60
cortex

Posterior 7.911
Lens core 2.419 1.406 4.146
Posterior lens Anterior -5.76 0.635 1.386 6.565
cortex

Posterior -6.0 7.20

Vitreous 16.80 1.336
Retina -12.0 24.0
The receiver RETINA
 Transparant,
 Histology
10 layers
 Photoreseptor
: rod & cones
 Supporting :
Glial cells,
amacrine,
Muller cells
FOTOKIMIA PENGLIHATAN
 Rod dan cones mengandung zat kimia yang bisa
terurai jika ada cahaya dan akan merangsang
serabut saraf
 Bahan kimia dalam sel rods disebut rhodopsin
 Bahan kimia dalam sel cones disebut iodopsin
PENGLIHATAN WARNA
 Teori Young-Helmholz
 Ada 3 macam cones yang berbeda tanggap
secara maksimal terhadap warna yang berbeda
 Cones memiliki substansi fotokimia yaitu :
 Pigmen peka biru
 Pigmen peka hijau
 Pigmen peka merah
Comparison of Rods and Cones
Rods Cones
Used for night vision Used for day vision
Very light sensitive; sensitive to scattered At least 1/10th of the rods light
light (have more pigment than cones) sensitive;sensitive only to direct light

Loss causes night blindness Loss causes legal blindness

Low visual acuity High visual acuity; better spacial resolution

Not present in fovea centralis Concentrated in fovea

Slow response to light, stimuli added over Fast response to light, can perceive more
time rapid change in stimuli

Stacks of membrane-enclosed disks are Disks are attached to outer membrane

unattached to cell membrane

20 times more rods than cones in the

retina
One type of photosensitive pigment Three types of photosensitive pigment in
(monochrome vision) human (color vision)

Confer achromatic vision Confer color vision

 Fovea central for visual acuity
 Perifovea  peripheral vision
The Conversion Phototransduction

• Process of conversion from image in to neural impulse

Visual Cycle
Light
11-cis retinal --> all-trans retinal
transducin (G-protein) activated
phosphodiesterase hydrolyses cGMP
Sodium channels close --> hyperpolarise
Amplification of signal: 1 photon interaction ->
250,000 Na channels
 The Pathway  Retina in to visual
cortex

 Start from the retinal photoreceptors , through the

optic nerve, chiasma and optic tract into the LGN
 Ends in the visual cortex

(LGN)

Striate
Cortex
AXON GANGLION Distribution in the
Disc
The Pathway Optic Nerve (C.N.II)
 Merupakan Perpanjangan
dari Otak
 Terdiri dari 3 bagian
 Pars orbitalis, pars
canalicular, pars intra
cranial
Optic Nerve field of vision
 Pembagian
daerah visual
field saat
serabut saraf
berjalan ke
otak
The Pathway of retinal Impulse to the
cortex
The Pathway  Optic Chiasma & Brain
stem
 KGL ( 90%)
 SUPRACHIASMATIK-circadian
rhytm .
 COLLICULUS SUPERIOR-saccadic
eye movement
 PULVINAR- ekstragenikulate vp.
 RETEKTAL- refleks pupil.
Cortex visual Visual Percepsion
 Light reflex

DIRECT INDIRECT (CONSENSUAL)

ciliary ciliary ciliary ciliary

ganglion ganglion ganglion ganglion

RETINA RETINA

CN 3 CN 2 CN 3 CN 2
CHIASM CHIASM

PRETECTAL PRETECTAL PRETECTAL PRETECTAL

NUCLEUS NUCLEUS NUCLEUS NUCLEUS

EDINGER EDINGER EDINGER EDINGER

WESTPHAL WESTPHAL WESTPHAL WESTPHAL
NUCLEUS NUCLEUS NUCLEUS NUCLEUS
Jalur Eferen Simpatis Refleks Cahaya

I. Hipothalamus  batang
otak .
II. Serabut preganglion :
Spinal cord C8 –T2, keluar
dari spinal cord setinggi T1
memasuki rantai simpatis
menuju ganglion servikalis
superior
III. Serabut postganglion dari
ganglion servikalis
superior masuk sinus
cavernosus bersama ACI
 masuk orbita mll fissura
orbitalis sup. Bersama N.
Trigeminus cabang
oftalmicus  N. Siliaris
longus M. Dilator pupil
NEAR REFLEKS (Konvergensi-Akomodasi)

Konvergensi :
m. rektus medial—n.III--
-N.V cabang mesensepalon—
pusat konvergen dipretektal--
nukleus edinger westpal.
Akomodasi :
n.II---korteks strista—
parastriata ---n.kolikulus
sup—pretectal—edinger
westphal  miosis,
akomodasi & konvergen
The Supporting (but very important)
structure of the Eye
 Palpebra
 Conjunctiva cover most exposed part of the
eye
 Sclera  the sceleton of the eye
 Uveal Tract  Iris, Ciliary Body and Choroid
Nutrition, circulation, immune system
 Lacrimal Gland  tear film production
 Extra ocular muscles  Ocular movement
 Palpebra
function : mechanic injury
light
spread the aquous from lacrimal gland

There are 2 important muscles :

1. M. Levator palpebra
- Elevation
synergy with m. frontalis and
m.rectus superior

2. M. Orbicularis oculi
- blink the eyelid….. Pars palpebralis
- close eyelid ……..pars orbitalis
 Conjunctiva
 Consists of 3 parts :
 bulbur conjungtiva
 Fornix
 Palpebra conjungtiva
 function: gland
secretion, chemical and
mechanical protection
Uveal Tract  Iris
I. Iris dan pupil

M. Spinter pupil, pada saat konstraksi terjadi miosis pupil

M. delatator pupil, pada saat konstraksi terjadi midriasis pupil

Fungsi pupil : mengatur jumlah cahaya yang masuk kedalam

mata sesuai kebutuhan.
Miosis Midriasis
Uveal Tract  Ciliary Body

•Accommodation
•Production of
humor aquous
•Aquous
drainage
Uveal Tract  Choroid
Histology
Extraocular muscles
The Extraocular Muscles

• 7 extraoculer
• 6  Ocular
Movement
 Eye Movements
I. Monocular eye movements (ductions)
1. Adduction is movement of the eye nasally.
2. Abduction is movement of the eye temporally
3. Elevation (supraduction) is an upward rotation of the eye.
4. Depression (infraduction) is a downward rotation of the eye.
5. Intorsion (incicloduction)is a nasal rotation of the superior
portion of the vertical corneal meridian.
6. Extorsion (excycloduction) is a temporal rotation of the
superior portion of the vertical cornea meridian

Sherrington’s law
CONCLUSION
 EYE IS AN OPTIC SYSTEM
 VISUAL PATHWAY CONSIST OF LIGHT
REFRACTION, RECEPTOR, NEUROTRANSMITION,
PERCEPTION
 ALL THE EYEBALL STUCTUR AND SURROUNDING
TISSUES’ FUNCTION IS TO SUPPORT VISUAL
FUCTION
THANK YOU