ANTENNA MINIATURIZATION

MOTIVATION
• Reduce the form factor.
• Cellular,WLAN,Bluetooth,GPS need to coexist on the same device.
• MIMO,ultra wideband and diversity technologies present even harder
challenges.
Wire antenna pattern
• Consist of two factors-
LARGE ANTENNA VS SMALL ANTENNA
WHY NOT SHRINK THE ANTENNA
WHY SIZE REDUCTION COST YOU IN EFFICIENCY
• Current distribution on a resonant antenna is of the form of standing
wave.
CONTINUED
• Hypothetically,If we force the small antenna to become resonant by
matching,current will be high and losses will increase.
EFFICIENCY VS SIZE ISSUE
• E.g Patch antenna
CAN WE BRING TWO ANTENNA CLOSE
TOGETHER PHYSICALLY?
• We can only bring together such that their effective areas do not
overlap
DIRECTIVITY OF AN ARRAY WITH ISOTROPIC
ELEMENTS
INVADING PCB
MEANDERED ANTENNAS
• Reduces the wavespeed.
CONTINUED
MEANDERED DIPOLES
CONTINUED
REDUCE WAVESPEED : COILING
REDUCE WAVESPEED : TAPERING
REDUCE WAVESPEED : METAMATERIALS
FRACTALS
Representation of Chu radius
QUALITY FACTOR
• According to IEEE ,the quality factor of antenna is defined as

• Quality factor is inversely proportional to the bandwidth of antenna.

BOUNDS ON Q
• Quality factor proposed by Chu
References
[1]. H. A. Wheeler, “Small antennas,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. AP-23,
pp. 462-1169, July 1975

[2]. L. J. Chu, “Physical limitations on omni-directional antennas,” J. Appl. Phys.,

vol. 19, pp. 1163-1175, Dec. 1948

[3]. C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory, Analysis, and Design. New York: Wiley, 2005,
pp. 637-641.

[4]. R. F. Harrington, “Effect of antenna size on gain, bandwidth and efficiency,” J .

Res. Nut. Bur. Stund., vol. 64-D, pp, 1-12, Jan./Feb. 1960