CDMA

PRESENTATION BY:
BISHAL UPADHYAY(074MSICE007)
DINESH BUDHAYER(074MSICE008)
MAHENDRA ADHIKARI(074MSICE009)
TOPICS
BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION
MAIN TYPES OF CDMA
HISTORY OF CDMA
EVOLUTION OF CDMA
CHARACTERISTICS OF CDMA
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF CDMA
CDMA CHANNELS
TOPICS(contd.)
CDMA ARCHITECTURE
CDMA SPREAD SPECTRUM
FADING IN CDMA
CDMA NEAR-FAR PROBLEM
POWER CONTROL
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
 BACKGROUND
Multiple access is a technique that lets multiple users
share the allotted spectrum in the most effective
manner.
Access methods are multiplexing techniques that
provide communications services to multiple users in
a single-bandwidth wired or wireless medium.
FDMA is the process of dividing one channel or
bandwidth into multiple individual bands, each for
use by a single user. E.g. older coaxial cable TV
system, original analog telephone system.
 BACKGROUND(contd.)
In TDMA techniques that are utilized in many digital
cellular systems, the available spectrum is partitioned
into narrow frequency bands or frequency channels
(as in FDMA), which in turn are divided into a number
of time slots.
An individual user is assigned a time slot that permits
access to the frequency channel for the duration of
the time slot. E.g. T1 transmission system.
 BACKGROUND(contd.)
In CDMA, every communicator will be allocated the
entire spectrum all of the time. CDMA uses codes to
identify connections.
CDMA is an example of multiple access, where
several transmitters can send information
simultaneously over a single communication channel.
This allows several users to share a band of
frequencies. To permit this without undue
interference between the users, CDMA employs
spread spectrum technology and a special coding
scheme where each transmitter is assigned a code.
 INTRODUCTION
CDMA is a "spread spectrum" technology, which means
that it spreads the information contained in a particular
signal of interest over a much greater bandwidth than the
original signal.
With spread spectrum, with its powerful anti jam
properties, multiple users can transmit on the same
frequency with only some minimal interference one to
another. This assumes that each user is employing a
different key variable (i.e., in essence, using a different
time code). At the receiver, the CDMA signals are
separated using a correlator that accepts only signal
energy from the selected key variable binary sequence
(code) used at the transmitter, and then despreads its
spectrum. CDMA signals with unmatching codes are not
despread and only contribute to the random noise.
 TYPES OF CDMA
• CDMAONE
This is the older version of the CDMA technology
and now it is now known as CDMAONE as well as IS-95.
• CDMA 2000
CDMA 2000 have its variants like 1X EV, 1XEV-DO, and
MC 3X. They refer to variants of usage of a 1.25MHz
channel. 3X uses a 5 MHz channel. This first phase of
cdma2000 - variously called 1XRTT, 3G1X, or just plain
1X - is designed to double current voice capacity and
support always-on data transmission speeds 10 times
faster than typically available today, some 153.6 kbps
on both the forward and reverse links. .
TYPES OF CDMA(contd.)
WCDMA
• Wideband CDMA that forms the basis of 3G
networks.
• Developed originally by Qualcomm, CDMA is
characterized by high capacity and small cell radius,
employing spread-spectrum technology and a
special coding scheme. WCDMA uses 5 MHz
bandwidth.
HISTORY OF CDMA
Somewhere close to the Second World War, Hollywood
actress-turned-inventor, Hedy Lamarr and co -inventor
George Antheil, co-patented a way for controlling
torpedoes by sending signals over multiple radio
frequencies using random patterns. They called this
“frequency hopping”.
In the mid-80s, the US military declassified what is now
called CDMA technology, a technique based on spread-
spectrum technology, for use in wireless communication.
The spread-spectrum technology works by digitizing
multiple conversations, attaching a code (known only to
the sender and receiver), and then breaking the signals
into bits and reassembling them.
HISTORY OF CDMA(contd.)
Qualcomm, which patented CDMA, and other
telecommunication companies, were attached to the
technology because it enabled many simultaneous
conversations, rather than the limited stop-and-go
transmissions of analogue technology and the
previous digital option.
EVOLUTION OF CDMA
• 1940s and 1950s Spread Spectrum technique for
military anti-jam applications.
• 1949 Claude Shannon and Robert Pierce develop basic
ideas of CDMA
• 1970s Several CDMA developments for military systems
(e.g. GPS)
• In March 1992, the TIA (Telecommunications Industry
Association) established the TR-45.5 subcommittee
with the charter of developing a spread spectrum
digital cellular standard. In July of 1993, the TIA gave its
approval for the CDMA Technology standard.
• 1993 IS-95 CDMA standard finalized.
EVOLUTION OF CDMA(contd.)
• 1995 Commercial operation of (IS-95) in Hong
Kong/Korea
• October 1, 2000 -SK Telecom of Korea launches the first
commercial cdma2000 network
• April 17, 2001 -Ericsson and Vodafone UK claim to have
made the world's first WCDMA voice call over
commercial network.
• October 1, 2001- NTT DoCoMo launched the first
commercial WCDMA 3G mobile network.
• January 28, 2002- SK Telecom in Korea launched the
world's first commercial CDMA2000 1xEV-DO.
• October 1, 2002- Qualcomm announces world's first
Bluetooth WCDMA (UMTS) and GSM voice calls.
FEATURES OF CDMA
• Unlike TDMA or FDMA, CDMA has a soft capacity limit.
Increasing the number of users in a CDMA system
raises the noise floor in a linear manner. Thus there is
no absolute limit on the number of users in CDMA but
the system performance gradually degrades for all
users as the number of users is increased.
• CDMA is a interference limited system.
• Multipath fading is substantially reduced because the
signal is spread over a large spectrum. If the spread
spectrum bandwidth is greater than the coherence
bandwidth of the channel, the inherent diversity will
reduce the effect of small scale fading.
FEATURES OF CDMA(contd.)
Channel data rates are very high in CDMA systems.
The symbol duration is very short and usually much
less than the channel delays spread. A RAKE
receiver can be used to improve reception by
collecting time delayed versions of the required
signal. The rake receiver consists of multiple
correlators, in which the receive signal is multiplied
by time-shifted versions of a locally generated code
sequence. The rake receiver is designed to
optimally detect a DS-CDMA signal transmitted
over a dispersive multipath channel.
FEATURES OF CDMA(contd.)
CDMA uses co-channel cells thus it can use
macroscopic spatial diversity to provide soft
handoff.
Self-jamming is a problem in CDMA system. Self-
jamming arises from the fact that the spreading
sequences of different users are not exactly
orthogonal.
The near-far problem occurs at a CDMA receiver if
an undesired user has a high detected power as
compared to the desired powers.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF CDMA
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF CDMA
 Each station is assigned a unique m-bit code or
chip sequence. To transmit a 1 bit, a station sends
its chip sequence. To transmit a 0 bit, it sends the
one’s complement of its chip sequence. No other
patterns are permitted. Thus for m = 8, if a station
A is assigned the chip sequence 00011011, it
sends a 1 bit by sending 00011011 and 0 bit by
sending 11100100.
 CDMA CHANNELS
• Forward Channels:
 Pilot channel is a reference channel. It uses the

mobile station to acquire the time and as a phase

reference for coherent demodulation. It is
continuously transmitted by each base station on
each active CDMA frequency. And, each mobile
station tracks this signal continuously.
 Synchronization channel carries a single, repeating

message, which gives the information about the

time and system.
CDMA CHANNELS
 Paging Channel main objective is to send out
pages, that is, notifications of incoming calls, to
the mobile stations. The base station uses these
pages to transmit system overhead information
and mobile station specific messages.
 Forward Traffic Channels are code channels. It is
used to assign calls, usually voice and signaling
traffic to the individual users.
 CDMA CHANNELS
Reverse Channels:
•

 Access channel is used by mobile stations to

establish a communication with the base station or

to answer Paging Channel messages. The access
channel is used for short signaling message
exchanges such as call-ups, responses to pages and
registrations.
 Reverse traffic channel is used by the individual

users in their actual calls to transmit traffic from a

single mobile station to one or more base stations.
CDMA ARCHITECTURE
 CDMA - FADING

What is fading?
 Variation or cancellation or the attenuation of a
signal with various variables (e.g. frequency,
time, phase, amplitude etc.)
 In CDMA, occurs Multipath fading.
 RAKE receiver minimizes Multipath fading effect
in CDMA .
CDMA - FADING
 CDMA – FADING cont...

Why RAKE Receiver?

 RAKE receiver attempts to collect the time-shifted
versions of the original signal by providing a
separate correlation receiver for each of the
multipath signals.
 Improve signal to noise ratio (SNR) of received
signal.
 Improve Performance.
 CDMA – FADING cont...
RAKE Receiver
 CDMA NEAR-FAR PROBLEM

 Signal closer to the receiver are received with

less attenuation than signal farther away.
 Stronger received signal level raise the noise
floor at the base station demodulator for the
weaker signals thereby decreasing the
probability that weaker signals will be received.
CDMA NEAR-FAR PROBLEM
CDMA NEAR-FAR PROBLEM
 POWER CONTROL IN CDMA
 In CDMA, all the mobiles transmit at the same
frequency.
 Power control is essentially needed
 to solve the near-far problem.
 improved or optimized System capacity.
 Battery life extended.
 Quality of services Maintained.
 a suitable power control technique must be
employed in CDMA systems.
 POWER CONTROL IN CDMA
 CDMA mobiles use two types of channels over
single physical channel.
 The Access Channel is used by the mobile to
initiate calls.
 The other possible channel is the traffic channel
that is used once a call is established.
 POWER CONTROL IN CDMA
 There are two ways to control the transmission
power.
 Reverse/Up Link Power (Open Loop)
control
 Forward/Down link power (Closed Loop)
control
 POWER CONTROL IN CDMA

Reverse Link Power (Open loop) Control

 Concept is to receive minimum power (Pr) at
base station/BTS with access probe with low
power.
 The mobile sends its first access probe, then
waits for a response from the base station.
 If it receives no response, then the second
access probe is sent with a higher power.
 POWER CONTROL IN CDMA
 The process is repeated until the base station
responds.
 If the signal answered by the base station is
high, then the mobile gets connected.
 So that, signal received at BS from different
users with same power to solve Near-Far
problems in CDMA.
 POWER CONTROL IN CDMA
Forward link power (Closed loop) control
 maintain the forward link quality to a specified
level.
 This power control has no effect on the near-far
problem.
 Solve the corner problem.
POWER CONTROL IN CDMA
 ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF CDMA
Advantages:
 Efficient practical utilization of fixed frequency
spectrum.
 Flexible allocation of resources.
 Many users of CDMA use same frequency,
TDD or FDD may be used.
 Multipath fading may be substantially reduced
because of large signal bandwidth and use of
RAKE receiver.
 ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF CDMA
 No absolute limit on the number of users, Easy
addition of more users.
 Impossible for hackers to decipher the code
sent.
 Better signal quality
 Soft handoff ,so no sense of handoff when
changing cells
 The CDMA channel is nominally 1.23 MHZ
wide
 ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF CDMA
 CDMA is compatible with other cellular
technologies

Disadvantages:
 As the number of users increases , the overall
quality of service decreases
 Self-jamming due to loss of orthogonality of PN
codes or spreading sequences of different
subscribers.
 Near-Far problem arises
 ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF CDMA
 Soft handoff procedure is more complex
compare to the hard handoff type.
 Precision code synchronization is needed to
recover the original baseband signal.
 APPLICATION OF CDMA
 It is used in military and some commercial
application.
 It is used in mobile communication.
 It is used in radar and navigation systems.
 REFERENCES
1) Wikipedia
2) wireless-resource.blogspot.com/CDMA
3) www.comlab.hut.fi/opetus/333/2004-
2005/CDMA
4) https://www.eff.org/files/filenodes/division-
multiple-access-technique
5) tutorialspoint.com
THANK YOU