Ground Level
Original foundation level
1
max
2 3
1, 2, 3 = Differential sett., = Greatest differential sett.
max = maximum total sett., l1,l2,l3= Bay width, /l = angular distortion
NO SETTLEMENT TOTAL SETTLEMENT DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT
•Design Assumptions
– strap is infinitely rigid
– strap is a pure flexural member and does not take soil
reaction. (To confirm with this, strap is constructed slightly
above soil or soil under strap is loosened).
a1 a2
Strap
b2
b1 b’ b’’
a’ a’’
WS XS
P1 XC P2
a1 a2
a2
a1
XR
a’/2 R2
e
R1
a/2
a1 a '
e
2
e XC X R
Xc Xs
R1 P1 Ws
XR XR
• c) Determine the reaction R2 from equilibrium consideration
R2 P1 P2 Ws R1
R1
b1
ult1 * a1
R2
b2
ult 2 * a2
• For square footing
R2
b2 a2
a2
• For rectangular footing assume some value of a2
and determine b2.
• It should be noted that the actual bearing pressures under the
footings should not very different from each other in order to
minimize differential settlement.
b2
b1 40cm 40
30cm 30
WS XS
900kN 600cm 1080kN
a1 a2
ult
ult
XR
15cm R2
e
R1
a/2
SOLUTION
• Proportioning of footing
• Trial 1
• Assume a1 = 3.00m
• Then e = (3.00/2)- 0.15 = 1.35m
• XR = 6.00-e = 6.00- 1.35 = 4.65m
• Since the distribution per meter run under the pad is different
for each pad, a second trial should be made
• Trial 2
• Take a1 = 2.50m
• Then e = (2.50/2)- 0.15 = 1.10m
• XR = 6.00-e = 6.00- 1.1. = 4.90m
• 4.90*R1 = 6.00*900 R1 = 1102.04kN
• b1 = R1/(a1 ult) = 1102.04 /( 2.50*100) =4.41, use b1 = 4.45m
• Dimension of footing 1 2.50 x 4.45m
440
445 40cm 40
30cm 30
66.12kN
SFD
0.15+d
438.98kN
833.88kN
783.74kN-m
737.44kN-m
202.01kN-m
BMD
4.96kN-m
219.49 kN-m
• Thickness of the footings Y
Y Footing 2
Footing 1
X
40 40
X
30 30
250 200
• Punching shear
• Footing 1
Take d= 0.40m and = min = 0.50/fyk = 0.50 /300 = 0.0017
k1 = ( 1+50) = (1 +50*0.0017) =1.085
k2 = 1.6 – d =1.6 -0.4 = 1.20
u1 = Pr1 =0.90+0.90+1.60 =3.40m
• Net shear force developed under column 1
Vd= 900 -*(0.90*1.60), =R1/a1*b1= 99.06kPa
Vd= 900 -99.06*(0.90*1.60) =757.35kN
• Punching shear resistance under column 1
Vup = 0.25fctd k1k2ud (MN)
• Vup = 0.25 *1000* 1.085*1.20*3.40*0.40
=442.68kN < Vd .. Not OK!
• Since the developed shear force is greater than the punching
shear resistance, one may increase the depth
Take d= 0.55m and = min = 0.50/fyk = 0.50 /300 = 0.0017
k1 = ( 1+50) = (1 +50*0.0017) =1.085
k2 = 1.6 – d =1.6 -0.55 = 1.05
u1 = Pr1 =1.125+1.125+2.05=4.30m
• Net shear force developed under column 1
Vd= 900 - 99.06 *(1.125*2.05) =671.54kN
• Punching shear resistance under column 1
Vup = 0.25 *1000* 1.085*1.05*4.3*0.55 = 673.58kN >Vd … OK!
• Y- direction
• The developed shear force in direction Y may be estimated as for
the case of an isolated footing
• Developed shear
1.475m
• Vd = 99.06(1.475* 2.50)=365.28kN
• Wide beam shear resistance 0.55
• Vud = 0.25*1000*1.085 *1.05*2.50*0.53
= 377.38kN > Vd .............OK!
2.50m
• Footing 2
• Punching shear
Take d= 0.40m and = min = 0.50/fyk = 0.50 /300 = 0.0017
k1 = ( 1+50) = (1 +50*0.0017) =1.085
k2 = 1.60 – d =1.60 -0.40 = 1.20
u2 = Pr2 =1.50+1.50+1.60 +1.60 =6.20m
•
• Net shear force developed under column 2
Vd= 1080 -*(1.50*1.60), =R2/a2*b2= 99.77kPa
Vd= 1080 -99.77*(1.50*1.60) =840.55kN
• Punching shear resistance under column 2
Vup = 0.25fctd k1k2ud (MN)
• Vup = 0.25 *1000* 1.085*1.20*6.20*0.40
= 807.24 kN < Vd .. Not OK! , increase the depth.
• 1.55m
Y- direction
0.45
• Developed shear
• Vd = 99.77(1.55* 2.00)=309.29kN
• Wide beam shear resistance
• Vud = 0.25*1000*1.085 *1.15*2.00*0.43
2.00m
= 268.27kN < Vd .............NOT OK!
• Increase the effective depth d to 0.55m
• Developed shear
1.45m
• Vd = 99.77(1.45* 2.00)=289.33kN
0.55
• Wide beam shear resistance
• Vud = 0.25*1000*1.085 *1.05*2.00*0.53
= 301.90kN >Vd ............ OK!
2.00m
• Moment capacity of concrete
• Footing 1
– X – direction , Capacity of concrete
M 0.32 f cd bd 2
0.32 11 .33 103 4.45 0.55
2
• Capacity of concrete
M 0.32 f cd bd 2
0.32 11 .33 10 2.50 0.53
3 2
2546.08kN m M d ....Ok!
• Footing 2
– X – direction, Capacity of concrete
M 0.32 f cd bd 2
0.32 11 .33 103 4.40 0.55
2
– Y-direction
(2.00) 2
M d 99 .77 *
– Developed * 2.0 399.08kN m
2moment
– Capacity of concrete
M 0.32 *11 .33 x103 * 2.0 * (0.53) 2
–Capacity
2036.86of m M d...........OK !
kNconcrete
• Calculation of Reinforcements
– Footing 1
– X-direction
– From BMD , M = 783.74kN-m
f 2M
cd 1 1 2
f yd f cd bd
11 .33 2 * 783.74
1 1 0.0023 min ....ok!
11 .33 103 4.45 0.55
2
260.87
As bd 0.0023 445 55 56.29cm 2
– Use = 20, as = 3.14cm2
No. of bars , n= 56.29/3.14 =17.9 , use 18 bars
Spacing = (445-2*5)/ (n-1) =25.6cm
• Y-direction
• Md =507.76kN-m
11 .33 2 * 507.76
1 1 0.0029 min ....ok!
11 .33 103 2.50 0.53
2
260.87
As bd 0.0029 250 53 38.425cm 2
• Use = 20, as = 3.14cm2
No. of bars , n= 38.425/3.14 =12.2, use 13 bars
Spacing = (250-2*5)/ (n-1) =20cm
Use 13 20 c/c 200mm ( bottom reinforcement)
11 .33 2 * 219.49
1 1 0.0006 min
11 .33 103 4.40 0.55
2
260.87
As min bd 0.0017 440 55 41.14cm 2
11 .33 2 * 399.08
1 1 0.0028 min ....ok!
11 .33 103 2.00 0.53
2
260.87
As bd 0.0028 200 53 29.68cm 2
f yd 2 260.87
ld 130.44cm
4 f bd 4 1
• Available development length, la =220-5=215cm > ld ……….. OK!
• Y-direction
f yd 2 260.87
ld 130.44cm
4 f bd 4 1
• Available development length, la =202.5-5=197.5cm > ld ……
OK!
• Footing 2
• X-direction
f yd 2 260.87
ld 130.44cm
4 f bd 4 1
• Design Procedure
I. Determine the line of action of the resultant of all the loads
acting on the mat
II. Determine the contact pressure distribution as under
– If the resultant passes through the center of gravity of the
mat, the contact pressure is given by
Q
A
– If the resultant has an eccentricity of ex and ey in the x and y
direction
Q Qex Qe y
max/ min x y
A Iyy Ixx
ex
ey
X X
Y
Example
•A mat foundation is to be design by the conventional method
(rigid method) for the loadings shown in Fig. below.
Strip 4
Strip 3
Strip 2
Strip 1
Strip A Strip C
Strip B
• Strip A, (64.45)*3.55 = 228.80kN/m
• Strip B , (64.45)*5.00 = 322.25kN/m
• Strip C, (64.45)*2.85 = 183.68kN/m
• Strip 1 &Strip 4, (64.45)*3.35 = 215.91kN/m
• Strip 2 & Strip 3 (64.45)*6.00 = 386.70kN/m
228.80kN/m
0.35 6.00 6.00 6.00 0.35
4
242.74kN/m
0.35 6.00 6.00 6.00 0.35
973.99kN
1.99m 728.24N
3.00m 482.45kN
84.96kN 4.01m
SFD
482.45kN 84.96kN
464.57kN-m 464.57kN-m
728.24kN 397.09kN-m
973.99kN
BMD
14.87kN-m 14.87kN-m
1489.48kN-m 1489.48kN-m
• Strip 1 &Strip 4, (64.45)*3.35 = 215.91kN/m
600kN 600kN
750kN
215.910kN/m
1.05 5.00 5.00 0.35
4
• R = 215.91* 11.40=2461.37kN
• V = P- R = 1950-2461.37 = -511.37 0
• Hence take average of P and R
• I.e., (1950+2461.37 )/2 =2205.69kN
• avg = (2205.69)/11.40 =193.48kN/m
• P1avg = P3avg = (2205.69/1950) *600 =678.67kN
• P2avg = (2205.69/1950) *750 =848.34kN
678.67kN 678.67kN
848.34kN
193.48kN/m
1.05 5.00 5.00 0.35
491.88kN 610.94kN
1.84m
2.46m
203.15kN
SFD
67.73kN
475.52kN 477.68kN-m 356.46kN
180.78kN-m
BMD
11.85kN-m
147.56kN-m
106.66kN-m
Design of rectangular combined
footing
800kN 1200kN
350m
a
SOLUTION
• Proportioning of footing
R
800kN 1200kN
X’
15cm 350cm
822.24kN 148.15*3=444.45kN/m
1.65m d
66.67kN
377.76kN
599.99kN-m
733.33kN
5.00kN-m
160.59kN-m
• Thickness of the footing
• Wide beam shear
• The magnitude of the wide beam shear is read off from the shear
force diagram at a distance of d from the face of the column.
• V = 444.45 (3.45 –d) -800 =733.35-444.45d
• Take d= 0.60m and = min = 0.5/fyk = 0.5 /300 = 0.0017
• Then, V =466.68kN
• The wide beam shear resistance according to EBCS-2 is given
by
Vud = 0.25fctd k1k2 bwd (MN)
k1 = ( 1+50) = (1 +50*0.0017) =1.085
k2 = 1.6 – d =1.6 -0.6 = 1
Vud = 0.25 *1*1.085*1*3.0*0.60 =0.488MN =488kN>V …OK!
• Punching shear
450cm
• Calculation of reinforcement
– Long direction
The reinforcement shall be calculated for the maximum moment
Mmax = 599.99kN-m
f 2M
cd 1 1 2
f yd f cd bd
11 .33 2 599.99
1 1 0.0022 min
11 .33 103 3.0 0.6
2
260.87
As bd 0.0022 300 60 39.6cm 2
l1 = (3-0.3)/2 = l2 = (3-0.4)/2
1.35m , = 1.30m
1200
2 400kN / m 2
3.00 X 1.00
• Bending moment
• M1 =444.44 *1.35*0.60*1.35/2 = 243kN-m
731.79kN m M 1....Ok!
f 2M
cd 1 1 2
f yd f cd bd
11 .33 2 243
1 1 0.0049 min ....ok!
11 .33 103 0.60 0.58
2
260.87
As bd 0.0049 60 58 17.05cm 2
Use = 20, as = 3.14cm
No. of bars , n= 17.05/3.14 =5.4 , use 6 bars
Spacing = (60-5)/ (n-1) =9.2cm
Use 6 20 c/c 90mm
– Under column 2
Moment capacity of concrete
M 0.32 f cd bd 2
0.32 11 .33 10 1.00 0.58
3 2
1219.65kN m M 2 ....Ok!
f cd 2M
1 1 2
f yd f cd bd
11 .33 2 338
1 1 0.0040 min ....ok!
11 .33 103 1 0.58
2
260.87
As bd 0.0040 100 58 23.20cm 2
• Development length
• Short direction
• Under column 1
f yd 2 260.87
ld 130.44cm
4 f bd 4 1
• Available development length, la =135-5=130cm < ld
Bend the bars upward with a minimum length of 10cm
• Under column 2
f yd 2 260.87
ld 130.44cm
4 f bd 4 1
a
max
= P/ab (16eb/b 6ea/a)
min
For contact pressure to remain (+) ve
everywhere,
6eB 6eL
1.0
B L
Examples
Given R.C. column size 30X50 cm with 4φ22.
P = 1500kN
M = 375 kN-m
Ultimate soil bearing pressure = 400kPa
fyk = 300MPa⇒ fyd = 300/1.15 = 260.87 MPa
C25 ⇒fck= 20MPa⇒fctk = 1.5 MPa,
Required:- Design of rectangular R.C. footing
Solution
Contact pressure