LADIES AND GENTLEMEN,

WELCOME TO THE STAGE:

GROUP 1
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APPLICATIONS OF COMPRESSIBLE FLOW IN MEG 306 PRESENTATION

GAS-PIPELINES GROUP 1
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Introduction
Most people associate ‘pipes’ with the hot and
cold water they see in their houses.

Most of us will have seen the plastic pipes laid

under our streets and roads to locally
distribute water or any form of liquid.

But what many people do not know is that

there are hundreds of thousands of kilometers
of very large ‘Gas pipelines’ crossing our
nations and oceans delivering (‘transmitting’)
huge quantities of gas. Most are underground
or undersea: out of sight, out of mind!
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Introduction
A compressible gas is one in which its density changes when it is
subjected to high pressure-gradients. Changes in density are
accompanied by corresponding changes in temperature and
pressure, and this complicates considerably the analysis of
compressible flow.

 Thecompressibility of a gas is determined by a dimensionless

parameter called the Mach number which is a ratio of its flow
velocity to the local speed of sound. A flow is considered
compressible if its Mach number is at least 0.3.

𝒗 𝐟𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰

𝑴= =
𝒂 𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅
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GAS-PIPELINE: HISTORY

 One of the first lengthy pipelines was constructed in 1891. This pipeline
was 120 miles long, and carried natural gas from wells in central Indiana
to the city of Chicago. However, this early pipeline was very rudimentary,
and was not very efficient at transporting natural gas. It wasn't until the
1920s that any significant effort was put into building a pipeline
infrastructure.
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Major Contributors

Ernest Mach (1838-1916)

Ernest Mach was born in 1838 in Chrlice. Mach’s
revolutionary experiment demonstrated the
existence of the shock wave. Mach understood the
basic characteristics of external supersonic flow
where the most important variable affecting the flow
is the ratio of the speed of the flow(U) relative to the
speed of sound (c). Mach was the first to note the
transition that occurs when the ratio U/c goes
from being less than 1 to greater than 1. The name
Mach Number (M) was coined by J. Ackeret (Prandtl’s
student) in 1932 in honor of Mach.
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Major Contributors

GINO GIROLAMO FANNO

(1888 – 1960)
Gino Girolamo Fanno was a Jewish engineer
who modeled adiabatic flow with friction in
a pipe where heat transfer is negligible and
can be ignored. This model explains many
industrial flow processes which includes
emptying of pressured container through a
relatively short tube, exhaust system of an
internal combustion engine, compressed air
systems, etc.
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Major Contributors

LORD RAYLEIGH (1842 – 1919)

Lord Rayleigh was a British physicist born near
Maldon, Essex, on November 12, 1842 who
made a model describing a frictionless
flow with heat transfer through a pipe of
constant cross sectional area. This model
can be applied to cases where the heat
transfer is significant and the friction can be
ignored. Flow of steam in steam boiler is good
example where Rayleigh flow can be used.
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Major Contributors

WEYMOUTH AND
PANHANDLE (1912-1956)
The Weymouth and Panhandle
developed equations to simulate
compressible gas flow in long
pipelines. Their equations were
developed for turbulent flow in long
pipelines incorporating the friction
factor associated with the flow.
WEYMOUTH PANHANDLE
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COMPRESSIBLE FLOW OF GASES IN
PIPELINES
 Compressible pipe flows is centered majorly on
two limiting cases, adiabatic and isothermal.
 ADIABATIC: when the pipeline lengths are short, or
the pipe is well insulated.
ISOTHERMAL: when the pipeline lengths are long
enough such that there is sufficient time for heat
transfer to occur.
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COMPRESSIBLE FLOW OF GASES IN
PIPELINES
An important phenomenon worth noting during
compressible gas-pipeline flow is that:
As the pipeline gets longer:
𝝆 Decreases

𝑷 Decreases

𝒗 Increases

𝒉 Decreases

𝒔 Increases
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ANALYSIS OF GAS PIPELINES

ISOTHERMAL ADIABATIC
ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
FRICTION
FACTOR PRESSURE-DROP
CONSIDERATION
CONSIDERATION
MAXIMUM FLOW
GAS-PIPELINE
VELOCITY
DESIGN
ANALYSIS OF ADIABATIC
+
GAS PIPELINE SYSTEMS
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ANALYSIS OF ADIABATIC GAS PIPELINE
SYSTEMS

1 NO HEAT TRANSFER 2

This analysis derives the relationship between the

stagnation temperature, flowing temperature, and the Mach
number for a flowing ideal gas
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ANALYSIS OF ADIABATIC GAS PIPELINE
SYSTEMS
 Upon the application of the conservation of energy principle:

 For there is no shaft work(W = 0), and the flow is adiabatic(Q = 0) and the pipeline
is approximately at the same elevation( dz = 0) taking a short length of pipe, we
get;
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ANALYSIS OF ADIABATIC GAS PIPELINE
SYSTEMS
 Enthalpy per unit mass of an ideal gas is defined as h = cp T
 The gas, at rest, has no kinetic energy and is at its stagnation
temperature (Tst), while the moving gas has kinetic energy and
is at another temperature (T).
 The energies are therefore:
Energy at rest, per unit mass = 0 + Cp Tst
Energy in motion, per unit mass = v2/2 + Cp T
 Equating the energy at rest and in motion, we get:
hst= h+v2/2
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ANALYSIS OF ADIABATIC GAS PIPELINE
SYSTEMS

G = mass flux = 𝝆𝒗

This implies:
• Stagnation enthalpy of the fluid during adiabatic flow is constant.
For an ideal gas, this implies the stagnation temperature is
constant.
• Enthalpy of the gas drops and kinetic energy increases in the
direction of flow.
• For a given mass flux, the enthalpy and density are related to each
other.
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ANALYSIS OF ADIABATIC GAS PIPELINE
SYSTEMS
A useful way of looking at this
relationship is by Fanno lines. The
Fanno lines are lines of constant mass
flux plotted on an enthalpy/entropy
diagram.
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Stagnation temperature is the temperature a
flowing gas rises to when it is brought
isentropically to rest, thereby converting its
kinetic energy into enthalpy.

The stagnation temperature of an ideal gas is

expressed as:
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Thus we see that for an ideal gas the

temperature decreases as velocity
increases.
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Using conservation of mass and energy
equations
 This analysis uses the principles of conservation of energy and mass to derive a
relationship between pressure and Mach number at up and downstream
conditions, for adiabatic flow in a pipe of constant cross-sectional area.

 The conservation of mass requires the mass flux to be the same at any position
along a pipe. Mass flux(G) at any of these positions can be expressed in terms of
density and velocity:
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1 2
 Therefore the relationship between the upstream and downstream properties of an
adiabatic gas-pipeline flow can be expressed as:
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This implies that pressure

decreases as the Mach number
increases
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A similar analysis for temperature

gives:
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This implies that temperature

decreases as the Mach number
increases.
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When the momentum equation and

friction factor is considered, we get
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IMPORTANT QUESTION

"Will the flow velocity continue to

increase until it crosses the sonic
barrier?"
The answer is NO. The maximum velocity always
occurs at the end of the pipe and continues to increase
as the pressure drops until reaching Mach number of 1.
The velocity cannot cross the sonic barrier in adiabatic
flow through a pipe of constant cross section.
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IMPORTANT QUESTION

"What happens after if pipeline

length is the increased?"

 choked flow condition occurs and, as explained above,

any further increase in pipe length will cause the flow
to decrease in such a manner that velocity at the end of
the pipe is still sonic (Mach=1).
ANALYSIS OF
ISOTHERMAL
+
GAS-PIPELINE
SYSTEMS
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ANALYSIS OF ISOTHERMAL GAS PIPELINE
SYSTEMS

1 2

In isothermal flow, the temperature of the gas remains constant.

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ANALYSIS OF ISOTHERMAL GAS PIPELINE
SYSTEMS
By applying mechanical energy equation:

𝑀𝑃
By multiplying both sides by 𝜌2 , substituting 𝜌𝑣 = 𝐺, vdv = -(G 𝜌 −3 ) d𝜌 and 𝜌 =
𝑅𝑇

NOTE:

 When the temperature change over the pipeline is small, the above equation can
be used.

 Adiabatic flow below Mach 0.3 follows the above equation closely.
WEYMOUTH AND
PANHANDLE
EQUATION
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WEYMOUTH AND
PANHANDLE EQUATIONS

The Weymouth and

Panhandle equations
were developed to
simulate compressible
gas flow in long
pipelines and to know
the compressible flow
rate of the gas in the
pipe.
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WEYMOUTH AND PANHANDLE
EQUATIONS
WEYMOUTH EQUATION PANHANDLE EQUATION

 : qh - volumetric flow rate [m3/h];  qh - volumetric flow rate [m3/h]

 p - Pressure [Pa];  p - Pressure [Pa];

 T - Temperature [K];  Lm - pipe length [km];

 Sg - relative density;  d - Internal pipe diameter [mm];

 Lm - pipe length [km];  E - Flow efficiency factor E=0.92.

 d - Internal pipe diameter [mm].

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RENOUARD EQUATION FOR NATURAL
GAS FLOW
 Calculation of compressible natural gas flow and pressure drop through
natural gas pipe line can be made using Renouard equation:

 Where: p1 - absolute pressure on the start of pipe line [bar];

 p2 - absolute pressure on the end of pipe line [bar];

 Sg - relative density

 L - Pipe length [km];

 qh - volumetric flow rate [m3/h];

 D - Internal pipe diameter [mm]

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GAS-PIPEPLINE
CONSTRUCTION
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GAS-PIPEPLINE CONSTRUCTION

Pipelines are generally developed

and built using the following stages:

 Open season to determine market

interest

 Route (right of way) selection

 Pipeline design

 Obtaining approval

 Surveying the route

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GAS-PIPEPLINE CONSTRUCTION

 Clearing the route.

 Trenching

 Installing the pipe

 Installing valves, intersections, etc.

 Covering the pipe and trench

 Testing
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GAS PIPELINE
CHALLENGES
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GAS PIPELINE CHALLENGES

 Excavation damage and corrosion are the two leading causes of significant
pipeline incidents in all pipeline systems, including hazardous liquid, gas
transmission, gas gathering, and gas distribution systems. Research estimate
that, over the last twenty years, excavation damage and corrosion, together,
have caused over 1 billion dollars in property damage.

 Excavation damage can be defined as localized mechanical damage to a

pipeline resulting from contact with an object, these includes damage to the
external coating of a pipeline and also dents, scrapes, cuts, or punctures
directly into the pipeline.

 This can result to immediate catastrophic failure of a pipeline when

excavation equipment punctures or tears the material forming the wall of the
pipeline which can lead to localized corrosion of the pipeline material.
GAS PIPELINE CHALLENGES
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GAS PIPELINE CHALLENGES

Corrosion can result in the gradual

reduction of the wall thickness of a
pipe and a resulting loss in pipe
strength with subsequent leakage or
rupture. Pipeline corrosion creates
weaknesses at points in the pipe.
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GAS PIPELINE DESIGN

Natural gas, and steam are the most transported in Gas-pipelines. A challenging
materials problem in the design of this pipeline is:

WHAT DO YOU USE TO MAKE THE PIPE?

It is vital that the pipeline resist rupture or cracking. The gas is flammable, and the
pipelines pass under populated areas. What type of material should be used?

METAL CERAMIC POLYMER

GENERAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES:
METAL - strong, tough, easily formed into
tube-like shape, easy to join in a leak-tight
pipe miles long, can corrode, somewhat
expensive
CERAMIC - very strong, brittle, more
difficult to form, difficult to join, relatively
low cost
POLYMER - lower strength, fairly tough,
easily formed, easy to join, moderate cost
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Buried Natural Gas Pipelines
General materials properties:
METAL - strong, tough, easily formed into tube-like
shape, easy to join in a leak-tight pipe miles long,
can corrode, somewhat expensive
CERAMIC - very strong, brittle, more difficult to
form, difficult to join, relatively low cost
POLYMER - lower strength, fairly tough, easily
formed, easy to join, moderate cost

METAL has the best combination of properties.

What kind of metal should be selected? The following
would all work reasonably well.

TITANIUM
NICKEL
STAINLESS STEEL
COPPER
ALUMINUM
LEAD
STEEL
COST ANALYSIS OF THE MOST PREFERRED METALS

Titanium: $40/lb.
Nickel: $14/lb.
Stainless steel: $4/lb.
Copper: $3.50/lb.
Aluminum: $1.30/lb.
Lead: $1.25/lb.
Steel: $0.46/lb.
SOME OF THESE ARE JUST TOO COSTLY.

Titanium: $40/lb.
Nickel: $14/lb.
Stainless steel: $4/lb.
Copper: $3.50/lb.
Aluminum: $1.30/lb.
Lead: $1.25/lb.
Steel: $0.46/lb.
LET’S TAKE A CLOSER LOOK AT THE LESS EXPENSIVE METALS.

Titanium: $40/lb.
Nickel: $14/lb.
Stainless steel: $4/lb.
Copper: $3.50/lb.
Aluminum: $1.30/lb.
Lead: $1.25/lb.
Steel: $0.46/lb.
 Gas Pipelines
Each one has some good and some bad features.

Aluminum: $1.30/lb. - easy to form,

good strength, lightweight, corrosion
resistant, slightly difficult to weld
Lead: $1.25/lb. - easy to form, low
strength, heavy, corrosion resistant,
easy to weld
Steel: $0.46/lb. - easy to form, good
strength, medium weight, vulnerable
to rusting, easy to weld
THE END
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 ANY
QUESTIONS