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Transplantation

Further into the English Colonies




King James I of Eng.


The Chesapeake Colonies: VA
Colony
James I now king.
1606- King James gave charter to VA Company of
London and to Plymouth Company.- made up of
merchants who formed joint-stock companies
which sold shares to investors to raise $ for a
profit. King James gave them each tracts of land
along coast.
Dec. 1606-Constant, Godspeed, Susan Constant
sailed down the Thames. 105 men and boys.
Soldiers, blacksmith, doctor, minister, drummer,
gentlemen.


The Journey
Captain-Christopher Newport- 46 yrs. Old, had been
at sea all of his life, was 1 of 6 Masters of Royal
Navy, right arm cut off in Spanish battle; had
recently brought back crocodile & wild boar from
West Indies for King James.
Ships carried seed oats, barley, wheat, muskets,
breastplates, gunpowder, tools, trade trinkets,
bibles, prayer books, and other supplies.
Became stranded for 6 weeks off coast of France
due to no wind. Ate 6 wks. Worth of rations.
Reduced rations, ship’s boy was to be beaten (old
wives tale) to move the ship. Finally wind arrived.

• Anchored at Canary Islands- refilled water casks, fruit to
fight scurvy.
• Newport’s crew suspected mutiny by John Smith- confined
in shackles below ship for entire journey.
• Stopped again in West Indies- quickly returned to ship as
were cannibals.
• Sailed past Puerto Rico to Nevis- had 1st baths, collected
bird eggs, wild pigs, pelicans, etc. Several had heat stroke-
Edward Brooks (gentleman) died and was buried.
• Sailed 1,400 more miles to VA. (Used John White’s maps.)
Arrival
• Landed on April 26, 1607 named in Cape
Henry in honor of King’s son.
• Battle w/ Native Americans on 1st night.
• Newport called all to flagship Susan
Constant and revealed that King James had
sent a sealed box with him to be opened on
the 1st night of arrival w/ instructions for the
colony in it.
The Sealed Box
• Instructions:
• 1-Choose a settlement site- must be far enough inland to be
hidden from Spanish, land had to be fertile, and beside
deep river.
• 2-Divide into 3 groups:
• Group 1- Build fort w/ storehouse.
• Group 2- Clear land for planting.
• Group 3- Explore w/ Captain Newport for treasure and
trade route to South Sea of Orient.
• 3- Search for Lost Colony.
• 4-Teach the Indians about God.
• 5-Raise crops, make lumber.
• 4-Teach the Indians about God.
• 5-Raise crops, make lumber.
• 6- Council of 7:
• John Smith part of list- had to be released from
chains.
• John Smith- soldier who had visited many foreign
countries, had been captured by Turks and
enslaved, killed master by beating w/bat, escaped
back to England. Was short, red- headed.
Jamestown
• Sailed up James, chose peninsula as site for settlement on
May 13, 1607.
• John Smith awarded 100 lbs. sterling for injustice done on
trip.
• Built fort, traded w/ Powhatans for food.
• 1608- John Smith leader of settlement- dug well, planted
and stored crops, said if no work, no food, friendship w/
Pocahontas- supposedly saved by her from her father-
became brother & sister.
• 1609- Smith severely wounded from gunpowder
“accident” in leg- sailed back to England.





Written by
John Smith


Starving Time
• 1609-1610- no food:
• Poor relationship w/ Powhatan no that Smith gone.
• Storehouse had burned 2xs
• Inept farmers.
• Afraid to leave fort to fish or hunt.
• Disease spread- from 500-60 settlers left by end of
winter. Cannibalism. New governor arrived w/
supplies just as leaving to return to England.
• 1612- John Rolfe plants tobacco=cash crop;
married Pocahontas. (Discovered when
shipwrecked in Bermuda.)
• Company reorganized several times and
sent new governors.
• 1616- Headright system-50acres per person
paid voyage and 50 more for each person
brought over.

1616 Engraving

1840 Baptism

1800s
1619
• 1-Brides’ Ship came with 90 women.
• 2-Dutch ship w/ 1st Africans aboard to colony- were
originally indentured servants- work for 4-7 years and then
released.
• (In VA after 1661- all Africans were considered slaves and
was passed through mother.)
• 3-Bicameral governing body composed of:
• -Governor and council (appointed by VA Com.of London
until 1624 when VA became royal colony).
• - House of Burgesses- 2 representatives from each of the
11 settlements- 22 burgesses in 1619.
Green Gold
• Rolfe’s tobacco did exceptionally well and was sent back
to England where King James enjoyed it immensely-
became popular.
• Settlers grew tobacco everywhere- streets, etc.
• Sailors abandoned ship to stay and grow.
• Became form of $ and tobacco certificates as well.
• 1627-1669- tobacco grew from 250,000 lbs to 15 million
lbs. = Price eventually dropped due to supply and demand,
but saved colony and secured VA as leading colony.
• Plantations developed with slaves and indentured servants.
Opecanacough
• 1618- Powhatan died
• Brother, Opecancanough became chief Powhatan.
Hated English planned huge attack.
• March 22, 1622- raided in dark at all major
settlements, killing 347 settlers (1/4 of English
Population). Jamestown- none were killed inside
fort as was last settlement to be attacked and had
been warned.
• 1676- Bacon’s Rebellion- Nathaniel Bacon angry
at Gov. William Berkeley for not getting rid of
Indians at western edge of frontier. (Berkley
secretly trading w/ Indians for beaver pelts.)

Bacon’s Rebellion
• 1676- Bacon’s Rebellion- Nathaniel Bacon
angry at Gov. William Berkeley for not
getting rid of Indians at western edge of
frontier. (Berkley secretly trading w/
Indians for beaver pelts.) Bacon captured
Jamestown. Berkley fled to Eastern Shore.
Bacon died of illness. Berkeley returned &
hung rest of Bacon’s crew.
Types of Colonies
• 1-Corporate Colonies-were operated by joint-stock
companies- usually during colonies’ early
years.Ex: Jamestown
• 2-Royal Colonies- were under direct authority and
rule of king’s gov’t. Ex: VA colony after 1624
• 3- Proprietary Colonies-under authority of
individuals granted charters by the king.
• Ex: Maryland, PA.
Maryland
• VA’s success encouraged other colonies.
• 1632- King Charles I granted 100 million acres of land
north of Ches. Bay to George Calvert, Lord Baltimore.
• Was Proprietary Colony-sole possession of Calvert and
heirs.
• Calvert was Catholic and wanted colony to be refuge and
wanted to make $. Died b/f colony was founded. His son,
Cecil Calvert started colony.
• Originally, Calvert wanted colony to be set up as manorial
system- lords live on rents collected from tenant farmers.
• Probs as most settlers who came were Protestants and did
not want to live on lands owned by Catholic lords, so
claimed land for selves.
• After 1640, Maryland adopted headright system (like VA).
• In England, civil war broke out btw. Puritans and
Anglicans (& Catholics)- King Charles beheaded, Oliver
Cromwell, and then son took over- 1660-returned
Charles’s son to throne= caused turmoil in Maryland=
• Wrote Act for Religious Toleration- 1st colonial statute to
grant religious freedom, but also said if did not believe in
divinity of Jesus- could be executed.
• Maryland soon resembled VA- large plantations
raising tobacco, importing indentured servants and
later slaves.
• *Originally, gave freed indentured servants 50
acres of land, so many more landholders than in
VA.
• Had declining tobacco issues as well
• Were more peaceful w/ Native Americans, but
fought amongst themselves due to Protestant,
Catholic issues.
New England Colonies
• 1607- Plymouth Company was granted permission to
found colony as well.
• Sent 2 ships with 120 Englishmen and 1 Native American
(from earlier raid) to mouth of Sagadahoc River (Maine).
• Had probs. From the start:
• -alienated Abenaki Native Americans
• -harsh, cold winter=abandoned settlement after 1 yr.
• Fishermen still came, accidentally brought terrible diseases
which spread to pandemics- killing up to 90% of Native
Americans living there btw. 1616-1618.
Pilgrims & Plymouth
• Turmoil going on in England over religion: Some believed
Eliz. Had not rid all of England of Catholics and wanted to
purify the Church of England.
• Calvinist and concept of predestination :When God
created person, decided then whether or not one would be
saved and therefore good works could not change this fact.
Believed that Anglican Church interfered w/ conversion
and wanted ministers to pray from heart and not from
Common Book of Prayer, no hierarchy of church
leadership, no clothing distinction.
• James I rejected ideas and wanted Puritans silenced. Sect
of Puritans known as Separatists as wanted to be separate
from Church of England as thought it would never change
and be reformed.
• Separatists became so persecuted, went to Holland in 1607.
Stayed for 10 years, but wanted children to grow up more
religious, so contacted Plymouth company who were more
than happy to send them to New World as needed
colonists.
• Separatists were called Pilgrims as thought they were
spiritual wanderers for God.
• Were joined by other “strangers” or non-Pilgrims.

Departure of Pilgrims
Plymouth Colony
• 102 colonists- men, women, children sailed in Sept. 1620
on Mayflower.
• Company of Plymouth- organized joint stock company and
sold shares to set up colony.
• Had miserable voyage. Landed 200 miles north of land
their charter permitted.
• When landed some of strangers said they no longer had to
obey colony’s leaders as they had arrived-so colonists
developed Mayflower Compact which stated that all
signers had to abide by the rules of the colony which
would be determined by the majority rule principle. This
was done also to prevent the colony from breaking up into
various factions.

• Settled at Plymouth- site of Wampanoag village which had
recently been decimated by the epidemic.
• William Bradford, leader of Pilgrims- gov.
• Found recently deserted cornfields, Native American
graves, buried baskets of corn which fed them for a short
time.
• Faced starving time as well (only ½ survived 1st winter)-
were helped by Samoset and Squanto.
• Samoset had learned English from traders. Squanto had
been kidnapped by sea captain and taken to England. Was
also sole survivor of Patuxets. Helped Pilgrims on behalf
of Massasoit, Wampanog leader who thought Pilgrims
could be useful to him against Narrangasettes.

Landing
• Samoset had learned English from traders. Squanto had
been kidnapped by sea captain and taken to England. Was
also sole survivor of Patuxets. Helped Pilgrims on behalf
of Massasoit, Wampanog leader who thought Pilgrims
could be useful to him against Narrangasettes.
• 1621 Wampanogs and Pilgrims signed treaty of alliance.
• Native Americans taught Pilgrims how to plant corn and
traded with them for mfg. goods.
• Pilgrims also traded northern Native Americans corn for
furs- shipped back to England to repay debts of passage
and colony. (Took 20 yrs. To repay.) Also fished.
• Had feast in 1621- Thanksgiving. Remained weak and less
populated.


Massachusetts Bay Colony
• Puritans of Mass. Bay believed much like Pilgrims, but 1
difference- thought Anglican Church could be reformed
and therefore were not separate.
• Went to New England to create better versions of Anglican
Church.
• England having many economic and agricultural troubles,
Puritans saw as sign from God to leave.
• 1629- group of Puritan merchants and gentlemen received
charter for a joint-stock company called the Mass. Bay
Company to set up colony north of Plymouth.
• John Winthrop- prosperous lawyer selected to be gov.
• Spring 1630- 11 ships, almost 1,000 colonists (men,
women, children) traveled to New Engl.
• During journey- Winthrop preached “city on a hill’ sermon
in which he challenged colonists to think of good of all
over private ambitions as god had made them his chosen
people.
• Said had a covenant w/ God. Settlers also created
covenants w/ each other to define duties- Ex: founding of
towns.
• Founded Boston w/in 6 months; Salem, Cambridge
followed.

Puritan Ideals
• Wrote covenants to walk peaceably and live in
harmony.
• Were critical of each other looking for purity.
• Strict standards for church membership- only
those who were saints who detailed their
conversion experience would be admitted.
• Was extremely peaceable- much more so than VA.
Puritan Gov’t
• 1634- Colonial leaders adapted the Mass. Bay
Company charter into a plan of gov’t:
• -General Court-changed from only having
stockholders to 2 house legislature=
• Lower House- representatives elected from
freemen (adult, property holding church members)
• Upper House- 18 members called assistants who
chose the governor and deputy governor.
• During 1630s- prospered, more Puritans
emigrated as English Puritans suffered more
persecution.
• 1640- Grown to 20,000 colonists.
Connecticut
• 1636- Thomas Hooker- pastor of church of Cambridge led
his congregation to Connecticut and settled at Hartford.
• Were not religious reformers, but wanted better farmlands
and a gov’t less restrictive than Mass.
• Chose land near fertile CT River Valley.
• 1639- settlers wrote Fundamental Orders of Conn.-
established representative gov’t w/ legislature elected by
popular vote and governor chosen by legislature.
• 1662- Received royal charter confirming settlers’ rights to
self-gov’t.

Thomas
Hooker

Rhode Island
• Roger Williams went to Boston in 1631 as respected
Puritan minister.
• He believed that b/c Mass. Churches had not rejected
Church of England, they shared in its corruption.
• Opposed gov’t interference in religious affairs: requiring
colonists to attend worship services, taking Native
American land w/out payment- and wanted church and
state to be separate.
• Was a very likable man- even friends w/ John Winthrop.
• His teachings were in conflict w/ Puritans, so banished him
to England, but he slipped away during winter and fled to
area of Rhode Island.
• Fled to Narrangasett Bay where he and few
followers founded Providence in 1636.
• Was unique in 2 respects:
• 1-Recognized rights of Native Americans and paid
them for the use of their land.
• 2-Gov’t provided for complete religious toleration
by allowing Catholics, Jews, Quakers to worship
freely.
• Later founded 1st Baptist church.

Anne Hutchinson
• Anne arrived in Boston in 1634 w/ husband and 7 children.
Was a midwife.
• Began to hold church meetings in her home where she
denounced several ministers. Also upset gender roles of the
time by mixing men w/women.
• Believed that only God was authority over saved, not
church leaders.(Ex: John Winthrop & others).
• Was arrested and tried for sedition.
• Was found guilt and banished. Moved to RI.
• Founded Portsmouth which was later incorporated into RI
in 1644 by royal charter.
• Shortly later, Anne emigrated to Long
Island and was killed in a Native American
uprising.
Anne Hutchinson
New Hampshire
• Last New England colony to be founded.
• Originally was part of Mass.
• Consisted of a few settlements north of Boston.
• King Charles separated from Mass. Hoping to
increase royal control over colonies in 1679.
• Made it a royal colony and was subject to royal
governor.
Pequot War
• Lived fairly peaceably until more migration into CT River
Valley region-
• Pequot Native Americans had traded and allied w/ Dutch.
• Williams’s entry upset trade balance.
• Dutch allied with Narrangasetts near Hartford which upset
the Pequots- they had recently suffered through smallpox
epidemic as well.
• Pequots tried to ally with Mass., but when Hooker settlers
moved onto in CT, and demanded that they submit to their
control and their alliance system- Pequots resisted. Fight
for land began.
• 1637-English allied w/ Pequots’ enemies, the
Narrangasetts and Mohegans who overwhelmed
Pequots in very bloody war.
• English forces surrounded Pequot village along
Mystic river and burned village of women and
children. When Pequots tried to flee burning
village- hacked or shot.
• Btw. 300-700 Pequots killed. Were sold into
slavery or fled. More settlers into CT.
Pequot War


King Philip’s War
• Wampanog chief- Metacom (known to English as
King Philip)- united many tribes in southern New
England against English.
• Were fighting over land.
• 1675-1676- thousands killed on both sides and
dozens of towns burned.
• Eventually, colonial forces manages to prevail.
• Killed Metacom and ended Native American
resistance in New England.

King Philip
Early New England
• Came for religious reasons, not profit.
• Most came btw. 1630-1642.
• Most settled w/ families.
• Population continued to grow due to family set up. By
1660-33,000 settlers.
• 3:2 sex ration= marriage and childbearing more common;
families typically had 7-8 children.
• Climate healthier- less malaria as not as warm.
• Most children reached adulthood.
• Long life- spans into 70s and 80s.
• Men married around 26, 27- when fathers could give them
land to farm.
• Women married around 21 or 23.
• Were legally and economically dependent on
males in family.
• Few women experienced widowhood as longer
life span.
• Held dower rights- possessing 1/3 of value of
husband’s personal estate and could use 1/3 of
land for rest of lives when husband died.
• Raised children, domestic activities, traded eggs
and such for needed items.
• Lived in towns or communities, not plantations. Were set
up by granting large tracts of land to several families.
• Tended to stay put in founded towns.
• Meetinghouse was center for towns-served as worship on
Sundays and town hall.
• Mass law required school if there were at least 50 families-
so children could learn to read the Bible.
• Each town elected 2 men to serve in colony’s legislature.
• Were subsistence farmers- growing what they needed to
feed family. Rocky soil and short growing season.
• Not a large influx of indentured servants as
no large plantations.
• Traded items for skills like carpentry,
midwifery.
• Fishermen were successful.
• Skilled shipbuilders.
Restoration Colonies
• Charles II restored to throne in 1640- more
stability in England and North America.
• King rewarded loyal friends w/ large tracts
of land.
• All colonies were proprietary.
Carolinas
• Northern portion settled from VA, southern portion settled
by English and many planters from Barbados.
• Named colony after lain version of king- Carolus.
• Anthony Ashley Cooper- wrote Fundamental Constitutions
of Carolina with secretary John Locke-which was a plan to
balance property ownership and political rts. W/
hierarchical social order. Called for colonial aristocracy
who would own 2/5 of land, freeholders would own small
farms and elect repr. To assembly, bottom was slaves.
• Plan never went into effect as West Indies settlers and VA
settlers moved and did as they pleased. Rejected
Constitutions.
• Originally Native Americans welcomed settlers and
viewed as way to trade, but grew hostile when land taken
away.
• Rival tribes would capture and sell to English as slaves.
• 1690s- rice introduced as major cash crop.
• Probably introduced by West Africans and from Caribbean.
• Imported huge amounts of slaves to work rice plantations.
Closely resembled sugar islands.
• 1708- more black slaves than whites 2:1.
• Rice farming required dikes and dams- required
much $= large plantations.
• Smaller farmers migrated to northern Carolina and
grew small cash crops of tobacco, livestock and
subsistence farming.
• Constant fear of African uprising.
• Viewed as almost autonomous from British
control.

Pennsylvania
• Dream of Utopia in PA too like Carolinas.
• 1681-William Penn granted huge tract of land north of
MD.
• Penn intended colony to be model of justice and peace; &
refuge for peace for Quakers.
• Quakers- rejected Church of England as corrupt, rejected
idea of predestination- every soul had chance of salvation.
Rejected trained clergy and church rituals, held meetings in
silence until someone was inspired by inner light to speak.
• Women were granted spiritual equality w/ men- allowing
women to preach, hold separate prayer meetings.
William Penn


• Used thee and thou; refused to perform, military service as
were not allowed to use force.
• Penn wanted holy experiment in brotherly love.
• Penn recruited poorer, repressed people.
• 1700-18,000 settlers from England, Wales, Scotland,
Ireland, Germany.
• Came in families.
• Paid Delaware Native Americans for land and traded w/.
• Frame of Gov’t written by Penn- provided for religious
freedom, but also aristocratic tendencies by limiting
legislature and giving himself much authority.
Quakers in PA


• Much fighting occurred w/Penn and w/in
legislature.
• Penn died penniless as had invested all $ in colony
and heartbroken that squabbling as dominant.
Squabbling continued w/his heirs.
• Philadelphia- busy port.
• Rest, mainly small farms.
• *1702 Penn granted Delaware own assembly form
3 lower counties w/ same governor as PA.
New York
• Charles II gave his brother, Duke of York land btw. CT and
Delaware Bay hoping to close gap btw. New England and
Chesapeake colonies as well as rid Dutch.
• 1664- Charles II said New Netherlands lay w/in English
property- original charter of VA.
• New Netherlands Governor-Peter Stuyvesant- surrendered
w/out ever firing shot.
• Duke of York became proprietor.
• Port of New York City important.
• For 20 yrs. Lacked repr. Assembly1683 allowed to do so
after NJ.
New Jersey
• James thought area too large to govern- so
gave section to 2 friends- Lord John
Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. 1674- 1
proprietor to east and west.
• Made generous land offers to attract settlers
and allowed religious freedom and an
assembly.
• 1702- king combines as one colony.
Georgia
• 1732- 13th colony chartered. Received direct financial
support from London.
• Reasons for:
• 1-Wanted to create a buffer to protect prosperous South
Carolina plantations from the threat of Spanish invasion
from FL.
• 2-Thousands of people in England were being imprisoned
for debt.
• James Oglethorpe- philanthropist thought would solve
England’s probs. And start colony. Was given royal charter
to start proprietary colony.
James Ogelthorpe


• 1733-1st settlement in Savannah.
• Oglethorpe acted as governor and had strict rules- no rum
drinking, prohibited slavery.
• Gave each settler a small farm.
• Threat of Spanish invasion kept people from coming- did
not prosper.
• 1752- Oglethorpe gave up plan and became royal colony.
• Grew slowly and developed into another Carolina- with
plantation system.
• Was smallest (population) and poorest of colonies.
Conclusion
• New France, New Netherlands, and English
colonies all competed for land in 1600s.
• New France- wealthy fur trade- good relations w/
Native Americans.
• Spanish and French colonies had huge
bureaucracies from which they controlled their
colonies.
• English colonies did not have huge bureaucracies
and allowed some autonomy.
• English colonies were very diverse. Had different
environments, labor systems, religions, economies.
• In SC, NY, PA were not generally of English origin.
• Common bond:By mid 1680sall had legislatures that
provided for self- gov’t & had laws and judicial systems
that were based on English models.
• Spain’s monopoly in New World ended w/ New France,
New Netherlands, and English colonies.
• English colonists wide spread use of slavery.
• Native Americans shoved off of land and further west.
• Africans- forced migration to New World.

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