AK :
Sejak 1 hari SMRS, pasien mengeluhkan nyeri pada kaki kirinya. Keluhan dirasakan tiba-tiba dan disertai dengan nyeri di
kaki kiri yang kemudian menjadi dingin, kehitaman dan baal. Keluhan nyeri dirasakan terus menerus sehingga pasien tidak dapat tidur
dengan nyenyak. Riwayat nyeri kaki saat berjalan dan membaik dengan istirahat (+).
Riwayat hipertensi sebelumnya (-), DM (-), Merokok (+) sejak 8 tahun yang lalu, Kolesterol tinggi (-). Pasien juga mengeluh
kuning sejak 1 minggu SMRS. Awalnya berasal dari mata, lalu ke seluruh tubuh. Gatal (+), mual (+), muntah (-), demam (+), Bab
dempul (-), Bak pekat (+), nyeri perut (-). Karena keluhan tersebut pasien berobat ke RS Pindad sejak 6 hari yang lalu, dicek datah, USG
perut ditransfusi 3 labu, mendapat terapi arixtra lalu diganti heparin, setelah itu pasien dirujuk ke RSHS.RSHS di bagian Ilmu Saraf
kemudian dikonsulkan ke bedah vaskular.
Pemeriksaan Fisik
Status Generalis
KU : CM
TD : 110/90 mmHg; N:78 x/mnt ; R:22x/mnt ; S: 36,8
Kepala : konjungtiva tidak anemis, scelra icteric +/+
Status lokalis
a/r Thorax : B/G simetris, VBS ki=ka, Rh -/+, Wh -/-, BJ murni reguler
a/r Abdomen : Datar, lembut, BU (+)N, NT (-)
a/r ekstremitas inferior sinistra:
I : kemerahan (-), kebiruan (-), luka (-) , kehitaman (+), pus (-), bulla (-)
P : Dingin (+) a/r pedis, NT (-), pitting oedem (-) , pulsasi a. Femoralis sinistra (+), pulsasi a. poplitea (+) pulsasi
a. tibialis posterior (+), pulsasi a. dorsalis pedis (-), capilary refill time > 2 det “
Status Vaskular
++ ++ ++ ++
++ ++
++ +
++ -
PT/APTT/INR */*/*
Haemoglobin 13.7
Haematocrit 39
Leukosit 9.330
Trombosit 56.000
SGPT/OT 65/76
Na/K 134/4.4
D-Dimer/fibrinogen */*
GDS 144
Ur/Cr 38/0.43
Gamma GT 211
Lipase/amilase 158/31
Bil tot/dir 11.921/9.554
EKG, 18-03-2017
Foto Thorax
RSHS, 12-08-2017
Rontgen Pedis Sinistra
RSHS, 12-08-2017
USG Abdomen
RSHS, 12-08-2017
Ascytes dengan cholecystitis
D-1-20-III PROSEDUR PADA DARAH DAN ORGAN PEMBENTUK DARAH LAIN-LAIN (BERAT) 28.334.933
DO : dr, Yan Aditya, dr. Terry, dr Carolina
• Ditemukan thrombus di sepanjang
arteri femoralis sinistra sampai ke
daearah arteri tibialis posterior
sepanjang 8cm
• Pancaran flow proximal dan back flow
distal arteri femoralis sinistra kuat
DK Post Op/
• Acute limb ischemic (I99.8)a/r femoralis
sinistra Rutherford grade IIB e.c thrombus
yang telah dilakukan trombektomi (39.7)
D-1-20-III PROSEDUR PADA DARAH DAN ORGAN PEMBENTUK DARAH LAIN-LAIN (BERAT) 28.334.933
Triage
Primary Survey
A: Clear tanpa C-spine control
B: Clear. Bentuk & Gerak simetris. VBS kanan = kiri. Rh-/-. Wh-/-. RR 22x/m
C: TD : 110/90 mmHg; N:78 x/mnt reguler. Akral hangat. CRT <2”
a/r ekstremitas inferior sinistra:
I : kemerahan (-), kebiruan (-), luka (-) , kehitaman (+), pus (-), bulla (-)
P : Dingin (+) a/r pedis, NT (-), pitting oedem (-) , pulsasi a. Femoralis sinistra (+), pulsasi a. poplitea (+) pulsasi a. tibialis posterior (+), pulsasi a. dorsalis pedis (-), capilary refill time > 2 det “
D: GCS 15. Pupil bulat isokor, Ø 3/3 mm. RC +/+. Motorik: Parese -/-
Status lokalis
a/r Kepala : konjungtiva tidak anemis, scelra icteric +/+
a/r Thorax : B/G simetris, VBS ki=ka, Rh -/+, Wh -/-, BJ murni reguler
a/r Abdomen : Datar, lembut, BU (+)N, NT (-)
a/r ekstremitas inferior sinistra:
I : kemerahan (-), kebiruan (-), luka (-) , kehitaman (+), pus (-), bulla (-)
P : Dingin (+) a/r pedis, NT (-), pitting oedem (-) , pulsasi a. Femoralis sinistra (+), pulsasi a. poplitea (+) pulsasi a. tibialis posterior (+), pulsasi a. dorsalis pedis (-), capilary refill time > 2 det “
Triage
• Life threatening?
AF
Hipertiroid Thyroid storm
Obstructive jaundice Cholecystitis Sepsis Syok sepsis
• Limb threatening?
Acute limb ischemia
Diagnosis
• Acute limb ischemic a/r femoralis sinistra Rutherford grade IIB
• Atrial fibrilasi
• Hipertiroid klinis
• Observasi jaundice
Surgical Problem?
• Decrease in limb perfusion
Assessment determines whether the limb is viable or irreversibly
damaged. Prompt diagnosis and revascularization by means of
catheter-based thrombolysis or thrombectomy and by surgery reduce
the risk of limb loss and mortality
Rezzan D Acar et al. One of the most urgent vascular circumstances: Acute limb ischemia. 2013. SAGE Open Medicine XX(X).
Rezzan D Acar et al. One of the most urgent vascular circumstances: Acute limb ischemia. 2013. SAGE Open Medicine XX(X).
Rezzan D Acar et al. One of the most urgent vascular circumstances: Acute limb ischemia. 2013. SAGE Open Medicine XX(X).
Medical Problem?
• Hipertiroid klinis Atrial fibrilasi
• Atrial fibrilasi Acute limb ischemia
• Obstructive jaundice Cholecystitis Sepsis
Hipertiroid AF
Incidence
• AF occurs in 10 – 15% of patients with hyperthyroidism
• Hyperthyroidism results in excess mortality from increased incidence
of circulatory diseases and dysrhythmias
• Incidence of cerebral embolism is more in hyperthyroid patients with
atrial fibrillation, especially in the elderly and anticoagulation is
indicated in them.
Jayaprasad N et al. Atrial Fibrillation and Hyperthyroidism. Indian Pacing and Electrophysiology Journal (ISSN 0972-
6292), 5(4): 305-311 (2005)
Risk Factors
- Shortening the
action potential
duration
altering the
- Enhancing contributes to
electrophysiological
Thyroid hormone automaticity arrythmogenic
characteristics of
- Triggered activity activity
atrial myocytes
in the pulmonary
vein cardio
myocytes
http://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-clinica-e-investigacion-arteriosclerosis-15-articulo-effects-thyroid-hormones-on-heart-S0214916814001181
H. Vargas-Uricoechea et al. Effects of thyroid hormones. 2014 Sociedad Espa˜nola de Arteriosclerosis.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arteri.2014.07.003
Components leading to heart failure in hyperthyroidism
H. Vargas-Uricoechea et al. Effects of thyroid hormones. 2014 Sociedad Espa˜nola de Arteriosclerosis. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arteri.2014.07.003
AF ALI
Incidense
• An ischemic foot can be developed by acute arterial occlusion
• Thrombosis and embolism are the common causes of acute arterial occlusion
Thrombosis mostly arises from underlying cardiac disease such as arrhythmia, coronary
artery disease and valvular heart disease while arterial occlusion by embolism can be
shown on a narrowed artery related with systemic atherosclerosis
• Embolic arterial occlusion is the etiology of the acute ischemia in 15% of the patients
while arterial thrombosis is such in 85% of patients, most of whom have atherosclerotic
disease
• With embolic occlusion, a cardiac origin is the source of emboli in 80-90% of cases,
usually in the setting of AF or acute myocardial infarction. Embolic occlusion brings
dramatic limb ischemia and is the most frequent cause of acute limb ischemia while
thrombotic occlusion may be less severe and show slower progress than embolic
occlusion due to having sufficient collateral blood supply
• Because the treatment options depend on the underlying cause of the acute ischemic
foot, it is important to identify the cause of acute ischemic foot
Wooyul Paik, et al: Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation Presenting as Acute Lower Limb Ischemia. Korean J Fam Med Vol. 32, No. 7, 2011
Wooyul Paik, et al: Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation Presenting as Acute Lower Limb Ischemia. Korean J Fam Med Vol. 32, No. 7, 2011
Risk Factors
• In primary care, atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac
rhythm disturbance observed increasingly at the elderly population
and has numerous potential complications such as stroke,
thromboembolism, and heart failure
• Among cardiac arrhythmias, AF is detected incidentally by the
physician because AF can often be intermittent or lacking in overt
symptoms
• If patient has the risk factors of ischemic foot like patients older than
70 years, smoker or diabetes patients older than 50 years, thrombotic
occlusion generally occurs in the setting of atherosclerotic vascular
disease
Wooyul Paik, et al: Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation Presenting as Acute Lower Limb Ischemia. Korean J Fam Med Vol. 32, No. 7, 2011
• Arterial thromboembolism is the most serious complication of AF,
especially ischemic strokes
• AF is one of causes of the arterial embolism on lower limb. In AF, the
annual incidence of acute limb ischemia is 0.4% (lethality 16%)
Wooyul Paik, et al: Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation Presenting as Acute Lower Limb Ischemia. Korean J Fam Med Vol. 32, No. 7, 2011
Jaundice
• Cholecystitis?
• Liver failure thyroid problem?
• Cholestasis may occur in patients with hyperthyroidism
• Bile transport is interfered with due to the increase of hepatic oxygen
consumption but without an increase of hepatic blood flow thus
lowering the oxygen tension in the centrilobular zone
• Thyroxine also can cause cholestasis directly
• Jaundice from congestive liver may be secondary to thyrotoxic heart
failure.
Wei-Che Chen et al. CHOLESTASIS AND ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS IN HYPERTHYROIDISM TREATED WITH METHIMAZOLE.
International Journal of Gerontology | December 2009 | Vol 3 | No 4
CS Bal and Madhavi Chawla. Hyperthyroidism and Jaundice. Indian J Nucl Med. 2010 Oct-Dec; 25(4): 131–134.
Masalah dan pertimbangan anestesi
L. Ellard and G. Djaiani. Anaesthesia for vascular emergencies. Anaesthesia 2013, 68 (Suppl. 1), 72–83
Masalah preoperatif yang harus diatasi
Pre operative hipertiroid
Hasil dari penilaian dengan indeks Wayne adalah jika kurang dari 11 maka eutiroid, 11 sampai
Gejala
Angka Gejala Obyektif Ada Tidak
Subyektif
Lelah +2 Eksoftalmus +2 -
Tahan terhadap
-5 Lid Retraction +2 -
suhu panas
Nafsu makan
+3 - -3
bertambah <80x/menit
Nafsu makan
-3
berkurang 80-90 x/menit - -
Berat badan
+3 >90 xmenit +3 -
turun
Fibrilasi atrium +3
≥ 20 : hipertiroid
Untuk diagnosis dari pemeriksaan penunjang
dapat ditemukan keadaan berikut :
• Peningkatan FT4 dan TSH rendah atau tidak terdeteksi :
diagnosis pasti keadaan tirotoksikosis
• Peningkatan FT4 disertai TSH yang berlebih : kelainannya
berasal dari hipofisis.
• Total T4 dan Thyroid-binding protein serum kadang diperlukan
untuk memastikan diagnosis hipertiroidisme..
• Hyperglycemia
• Hypercalcemia
• Hepatic function abnormalities
• Low serum cortisol
• Leukocytosis
• Hypokalemia
Pada pemeriksaan EKG dapat ditemukan:
• Sinus takikardi
• Atrial Fibrilation, sering ditemukan pada pasien usia tua
• Complete heart block, kondisi ini jarang ditemukan