1.

Introduction

Dr. Ir. Eko Widianto, MT, IPU

Lecturer of Trisakti University Jakarta
Semester Ganjil_2018 - 2019
 CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : Dr. Ir. Eko Widianto, MT, IPU
Place of Birth : Semarang, 3 September 1955
Marital Status : Married
Address : Rancho Indah, Jl. Tanjung 19 / Blok G-21
Tanjung Barat, Jakarta Selatan 12530
Email: ewidianto@ymail.com

Education 1982 : Bachelor Degree in Geology of UGM

2000 : Magister Degree in Applied Geophysics of ITB
2008 : Doctoral Degree in Applied Geophysics of ITB
Work History
1982 – 1985 : Pertamina Exploration Division Jakarta
1986 – 1993 : Pertamina Exploration Department Plaju
1993 – 1994 : Pertamina BPPKA Jakarta
1994 – 1997 : Head of Exploration Planning Jakarta
1998 – 2000 : Exploration Manager JOB Pertamina – Greka Energy
2000 – 2002 : Chief Geophysic Pertamina Upstream
Chairman of HAGI (Indonesian Association of Geophysicists)
2002 – 2006 : General Manager of JOB Pertamina-ConocoPhillips (Sakakemang) Ltd.
2006 : Vice President of Pertamina Upstream New Venture Business Development
2006 – 2007 : Board of Director of Joint Venture Pertamina – Petronas – Petro Vietnam
2006 – 2008 : Vice President of EP Technology Center
2009 – 2010 : Senior Geophysicist
2011 - now : Lecturer of Geology Engineering of Trisakti University
Lecturer of Geophysic Engineering of Bandung Institute of Technology
Lecturer of Geology Engineering of Gadjahmada University
Pendahuluan Tata cara Perkuliahan
Pada kuliah pertama, Dosen wajib memberitahukan:

a) Rencana Pembelajaran
b) Daftar buku acuan (buku teks / referensi) yang digunakan
c) Tata tertib Perkuliahan dan Sistem penilaian dan (serta)
pembobotan masing-masing komponen penilaian yang
digunakan
d) Ada atau tidaknya kuis (ujian-ujian kecil)
e) Tata tertib dan peraturan yang berlaku di Universitas Trisakti
f) Bahaya penyalahgunaan Narkoba dan sanksinya
g) Menunjuk salah seorang mahasiswa peserta mata kuliah
tersebut sebagai ketua kelas.
Ketentuan Pelaksanaan Kuliah, Asistensi / Responsi dan
Praktikum

•Kuliah, Asistensi / Responsi dan Praktikum harus

dilaksanakan tepat waktu sesuai dengan jadwal.

•Mahasiswa diwajibkan hadir mengikuti Kuliah, Asistensi

/ Responsi dan Praktikum sesuai dengan yang tercantum
dalam Kartu Rencana Studi masing-masing. Kehadiran
mahasiswa dicatat dalam daftar hadir mahasiswa.
Jika Dosen berhalangan,
sehingga kehadirannya tidak sesuai dengan ketentuan jadwal
perkuliahan, maka Dosen tersebut wajib:
a. Memberitahukan ketidakhadirannya kepada Subbag Perkuliahan
dan Ujian di Fakultas atau Sekretariat Program Studi.
b. Menggantikan kuliahnya pada kesempatan yang lain atau diisi
dengan kegiatan yang sama oleh dosen pengganti.

•Mahasiswa wajib menunggu kehadiran dosen di kelas

dalam waktu 15 menit. Apabila sesudah 15 menit ternyata dosen
belum juga hadir tanpa pemberitahuan, maka ketua kelas melaporkan
kepada Subbag Perkuliahan dan Ujian di Fakultas atau Sekretariat
Program Studi. Apabila sudah ada kepastian bahwa dosen pengganti
belum (tidak) ada, mahasiswa dapat meninggalkan ruang kuliah,
setelah menandatangani daftar hadir.
Mahasiswa wajib menunggu
kehadiran dosen di kelas
dalam waktu 15 menit. Apabila sesudah 15 menit
ternyata dosen belum juga hadir tanpa
pemberitahuan, maka ketua kelas melaporkan kepada
Subbag Perkuliahan dan Ujian di Fakultas atau
Sekretariat Program Studi. Apabila sudah ada
kepastian bahwa dosen pengganti belum (tidak) ada,

mahasiswa dapat meninggalkan ruang kuliah, setelah

menandatangani daftar hadir.
Apabila Dosen melalaikan kewajiban-
kewajiban tersebut di atas (memberikan
kuliah kurang dari 70% tatap muka
terjadwal dalam satu semester),
pimpinan fakultas/Program Studi dapat
memberikan teguran/peringatan dan
sanksi mulai dari yang ringan sampai
dengan yang berat (dalam bentuk
pemberhentian).
3. Kehadiran Mahasiswa Dalam Perkuliahan

Mahasiswa diwajibkan hadir minimal 70 % dari jumlah tatap

muka.
Petugas administrasi perkuliahan akan menghitung jumlah
kehadiran tiap mahasiswa yang digunakan sebagai prasyarat
untuk dapat mengikuti Ujian Akhir Semester.

4. Kesetaraan jam perkuliahan dengan bobot sks.

Sesuai dengan ketentuan yang berlaku di Universitas Trisakti,

maka tabel berikut memberi pedoman untuk mengatur jam
masing-masing jenis perkuliahan dalam hubungannya
dengan bobot sks mata kuliah yang bersangkutan dalam satu
semester.
Tabel :
Pedoman Penentuan Bobot Penilaian

Komponen Rentang % Bobot

Nilai
Terstruktur: Tugas, Kuis, Makalah,
Presentasi dan Partisipasi Aktif di 0 –100 5 - 30 %

kelas serta absensi kehadiran kuliah

Ujian Tengah Semester (UTS) 0 – 100 20 - 40 %

Ujian Akhir Semester (UAS) 0 – 100 20 - 50 %

Absensi 10 %

Jumlah nilai dalam angka 100 %

Keterangan :
Dalam sistem SKS, komponen penilaian harus termasuk didalamnya tugas terstruktur.
Untuk memperoleh nilai akhir maka jumlah nilai angka dikonversi menjadi nilai huruf.
 Evaluasi Hasil Belajar (EHB)
• Evaluasi hasil belajar dapat dilaksanakan dengan
berbagai cara ujian dan kegiatan terstruktur
sesuai dengan jenis serta tingkat kompetensi
yang dituntut dalam Kurikulum Operasional (KO).

• Macam-macam Evaluasi Hasil Belajar:

a. Ujian terdiri dari:
– Ujian Tengah Semester (UTS)
– Ujian Akhir Semester (UAS)
– Ujian Komprehensif
– Ujian Tugas Akhir
 EHB lanjutan
b.Evaluasi kegiatan terstruktur
Selain ujian-ujian tersebut di atas terdapat
kegiatan-kegiatan terstruktur lain yang
berbentuk:
1). Penulisan karangan ilmiah/ makalah
2). Pekerjaan rumah/ tugas/ kuis
3). Partisipasi aktif dalam kelas
4). Presentasi dan sebagainya
 Persyaratan peserta ujian:
» Terdaftar sebagai mahasiswa yang sah pada
program studi
» Memenuhi jumlah kehadiran kuliah minimal 70 %
dari jumlah seluruh perkuliahan atau jumlah
tatap muka
» Membawa Kartu Peserta Ujian (KPU) / Kartu
Rencana Studi (KRS) yang berlaku.
» Mentaati tata tertib ujian
 LECTURE MATERIALS
1 • Introduction
2 • Level of Petroleum Investigation – Plate Tectonic
3 • Petroleum Sedimentary Basin
4 • Hydrocarbon Source Rock
5 • Reservoir Rocks
6 • Hydrocarbon Trap and Seals
7 • Hydrocarbon Migration
8 • Data Analysis
9 • Exploration Risk Assessment
10 • Prospect Analysis
11 • Reserves Calculation
12 • Petroleum Geology of Indonesia
13
Definition
Petroleum geology is the study of origin,
occurrence, movement, accumulation, and
exploration of hydrocarbon fuels. It refers to
the specific set of geological disciplines that
are applied to the search for oil exploration.
 Milestones of Indonesia’s Petroleum History
Dutch Colonial – Law 8/1971 – Law 22/2001 Era

The history of Indonesia’s petroleum industry goes back to

the Dutch colonialism era and was marked by the
beginning of systematic oil exploration in 1865. The first
well was drilled in 1871, and the first oil field discovery
was made in 1885.

Since the independence of Indonesia in 1945 and up to

1950, most oil fields had been discovered in East Java,
South and Central Sumatra, and East Kalimantan. In
1966, Pertamina was established as a merger of several
upstream and downstream Dutch oil companies.

The new contract system (PSC) was first introduced in the

year of 1971. In the same year, a new law no 8 clarified
Pertamina’s roles as an upstream and downstream
operator, as well as contractors’ regulator.

Oil and Gas Law 22/2001 regulates oil and natural gas
activities, whereas upstream activities will be conducted
and controlled through the cooperation contract which
determines the role of Migas, BP Migas, and Pertamina.
16
Milestones of Indonesia’s Petroleum History (Cont’d)
September 17, 2003 : Pertamina has legally
transformed into PT PERTAMINA (PERSERO)

September 13, 2005 : PT PERTAMINA EP established.

Like other contractors, as a business player Pertamina
also holds Cooperation Contract to Oil and Gas
Regulatory Body. Due to the transformation to be a
Limited Liability Company, Pertamina becomes a pure
business entity which is more profit oriented.

September 17, 2005 : PT PERTAMINA EP signed

Cooperation Contract with BPMIGAS for all existing Work
Area outside Cepu and Randugunting Blocks.

By the signing of the cooperation contract,

PT Pertamina EP hence fourth is more flexible to
farm out its areas to other companies and carry
out cooperation with other parties.

17
 REFORM
PHILOSOPHY
PREVIOUS NEW

REGULATOR
PERTAMINA DOWNSTREAM

(GOVERNMENT) GOVERNMENT
POLICY’S
• REGULATOR BOUNDARY
PLAYER
• PLAYER SUPERVISOR
PERTAMINA
& OTHERS UPSTREAM

1971 - 2001 2001-RECENT

(LAW NO. 8/1971) (LAW NO. 22/2001)
Heri Purnomo, 2006
1. Introduction: Energy Situation
a. Situation of energy consumption and production
b. The oil peak era
c. The fundamental question relating to oil reserve
and production
d. Reserve to production ratio condition
e. Problem statement
f. Opportunities to increase reserves and
production

19
 Introduction to

Indonesia
Resources, Reserves and
Production Condition
29/10/2018 20
 Energy Classification

Non Renewable
Renewable ENERGY

Fossil Non-fossil

Geotherma Tidal and

Conventional Unconventional Solar Wind Hydro Biomass
l Wave

Natural Shale Tight sand Gas

Coal Oil CBM
oil/gas gas Hydrate
Gas
Indonesia Oil and Gas Situation
1. Oil Production Declining. Oil production in Indonesia
is dominated by onshore mature fields that are
experiencing rapid rates of decline (5 – 15%), yet
hold significant remaining reserves.
2. Less new giant field discovery.
3. Some of the current obstacles to brown fields
revitalization in Indonesia.
4. Common blockers include a lack of appropriate
technology, poor process, conflicting objectives,
unacceptable risk, and economic disincentives.
5. Declining the National Oil R/P.

29/10/2018 22
 INDONESIA
Oil and Gas Produc on
700

600
Produc on (MMOE)/Year

500

400

300

200

100

0
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
Year

Oil Produc on Gas Produc on

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy (2018)

 MBOE

0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1965
1966

29/10/2018
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986

Oil Consumption
1987
1988
1989
1990

Year
1991
INDONESIA

1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
Oil and Gas Consumption

1998
1999
Gas Consumption

2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
24

2012
2013
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy (2015)

2014
 Thousands Barrels / Day

0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995

Oil Produc on
1996
1997
1998
1999

Year
INDONESIA

2000
2001
2002
2003

Oil Consump on
2004
2005
2006
Oil Produc on and Consump on

2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy (2018)
 BCM

0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989

Gas Produc on
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994

Year
1995
INDONESIA

1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Gas Consump on
2003
Gas Produc on and Consump on

2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy (2018)

2017
 INDONESIA: Oil production forecast to 2050

2000
Thousands of barrels of oil per day

1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

© Energyfiles Ltd Year

27
 INDONESIA
Contribu on of CO2 Emission
700.0

600.0

500.0
Million Tones

400.0

300.0

200.0

100.0

965 967 969 971 973 975 977 979 981 983 985 987 989 991 993 995 997 999 001 003 005 007 009 011 013 015 017
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Year

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy (2018)

Crude oil prices 1861-2017
US dollars per barrel, world events

BP Statistical Review of World Energy

2018
© BP p.l.c. 2018
SPE/WPC/AAPG
Resource Classification System

Production PROJECT STATUS

DISCOVERED
On Production Lower
COMMERCIAL
RESERVES Risk
Under Development
1P 2P 3P Planned for Development
Development Pending
CONTINGENT
DISCOVERED Development on Hold Project
SUB-COMMERCIAL RESOURCES
Low Best High Development not Viable Maturity

Unrecoverable
Prospect
PROSPECTIVE
Lead
UNDISCOVERED
RESOURCES Higher
Low Best High Play Risk
Unrecoverable Ross Petroleum
Range of Uncertainty June 2004

30
 Peak Oil
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hubbert.jpg
Era of
energy
crisis

Hubbert (1903-1989)

In 1956, Hubbert predicted that global oil production would

peak around the Year 2000 and trigger an Energy Crisis with
power blackouts and rising costs of energy and fuel
31
Projection of world oil supply and demand up to 2025 (Energyfiles Ltd)
32
 Projected World Energy Demand
Careers in
Oil & Gas
Remain Important Hydroelectric

New Technologies
1993
100
100 BILLION
BARRELS Solar, Wind
Geothermal
80
80
World Energy Demand
Coal Nuclear Electric
60
(BBOE/Year)
Natural
Gas
40

Fossil Fuels
Decreasing
Crude Oil
20

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 3000
after Edwards, AAPG 8/97
33
34
Resources and Reserves Condition
• Oil production in Indonesia is dominated by
onshore mature fields that are experiencing rapid
rates of decline (5 – 15%), yet hold significant
remaining reserves.
• Less new giant field discovery.
• Some of the current obstacles to brown fields
revitalization in Indonesia.
• Common blockers include a lack of appropriate
technology, poor process, conflicting objectives,
unacceptable risk, and economic disincentives.

35
 INDONESIA
Oil and Gas Reserves
25.0

20.0
Reserves (BBOE)

15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
00
02
04
06
08
10
12
14
16
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Year

Gas Reserves Oil Reserves

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy (2018)

 Year

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996

Gas R/P Ra o
1997
1998
1999

Year
INDONESIA

2000
2001
2002
R/P Ra o of Oil and Gas

Oil R/P Ra o 2003

2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy (2018)
Onset – Key Variables
 New Discoveries  Competition from Alternative Energies
 RIP  Unforecasted Events
 Recovery Efficiency  State of Depletion at Decline Onset
 Technologies  Environmental Factors
 Rate of Consumption  Prices

S a l e r i , N . G ., 2 0 0 8

38
Current Assumptions

RIP - Resource in Place, Trillion Barrels (includes future discoveries)

RE - Recovery Efficiency S a l e r i , N . G ., 2 0 0 8
UER - Ultimate Estimate of Recoverable Resource, Trillion Barrels

39
Peak Oil Range
Peak Oil Range

S a l e r i , N . G ., 2 0 0 8
40
Thakur and Rajput (2011), Exploration of Gas Hydrates
41
Thakur and Rajput (2011), Exploration of Gas Hydrates
42
 Non- High
Renewable Technology

Characteristic
of Petroleum
Industry

High Cost High Risk

44
E&P Business
Exploration : transforming resources into reserves
Production : depleting reserves into saleable oil & gas

Petroleum Eng.
Geology Production Eng.
Geophysics Chemical Eng.
Engineering Mechanical Eng.
Sciences Technical Sides
Mathematics Business Sides

$ Computers
$ Marine Tech.
Sciences $
cost cost revenue
RESOURCES RESERVES SALEABLE
TO BE FOUND TO BE PRODUCED OIL & GAS

OPTIMIZING OPTIMIZING
RATE OF FINDING NEW RESERVES RATE OF PRODUCING OIL & GAS
vs. FINDING COST vs. PRODUCTION COST
Exploration & Development Cycles
E&P cycles is actually a continuous decision making processes, which related to
decision to invest such resources; i.e. concept and technology, money, systems,
time, man-hours. Like any decisions, it has consequences of potential reward & risk.

BASIN
EVALUATION
DATA & KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

BLOCK
EVALUATION
CONCEPTS
PROSPECT TECHNOLOGY
EVALUATION BUSINESS ENV.
ECONOMICS
EXPLORATION
DRILLING

APPRAISAL

DEV. PLAN

DEV. STAGE PROJECT REJECTED

Exploration & Development Cycles

Type of Decisions

• Positive  go ahead
• Need additional data
(sampling, seismic, etc)
• Drop / reject
• Economic
Any business decision always
has its Cost consequences. • Marginal
Anyhow, the decision is • Non-economic
needed to deal with Business
Risk
EP Business Risk
• subsurface geology
• oil price
• political
• macro economics
• business environment
• project & assets

“ HIGH RISK - HIGH REWARD “

RISK TO DEAL IN UPSTREAM PROJECT

COUNTRY & INDUSTRY ENV.

• COUNTRY RISK
• ECONOMY
• ENVIRONMENT
• GENERAL ISSUE
• PETROLEUM LEGISLATION ( 25% ) ( 25% )
• ENTRY BALANCE
• COMPETITORS COUNTRY
• ACTIVITY & INDUSTRY PROJECT
ENVIRONMENT ECONOMICS
GEOTECHNICAL
• DATA
•
•
BASIN
PETROLEUM SYSTEM GEOTECHNICAL
• PLAY TYPE
• RESERVE
• TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY ( 50% )
PROJECT ECONOMICS
• ECONOMIC INDICATORS
• COMMERCIAL TYPES
• TAXES simplified after DE’ATH, 1997
• FISCAL TERM
 PUSTAKA
REFERENCES
1. BP; 2014 ; Statistical Review of World Energy.

2. Koesoemadinata, R.P.; 1980; Geologi Minyak dan Gas Bumi,

Jilid 1 dan 2; Penerbit ITB.

3. Magoon, L.B.; Dow, W.G., 1994: The Petroleum System –

From Source to Trap; AAPG Memoir 60; Tulsa, Oklahoma,
USA.

4. North, F.K., 1985; Petroleum Geology; Allen and Winchester

Place, Winchester, Mass, 01890, USA.

5. Saleri, N.G, 2008: Deconstructing Peak Oil ; Rice University.