CHAPTER# 2

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
AND GRAPH
When data are in original form, they are
called raw data.

2-1 Organizing Data:

 Frequency distribution:
 Categorical distribution
 Grouped distribution

 Ungrouped Distribution
• For example : row data (scores)
2 5 8 7 2 2
6 8 5 2 5 7
4 5 6 2 8 6
The researcher organized the raw
data into a frequency
distribution (is the organizing of
raw data in table form, using
classes and frequencies).
 Class f
(score)
8 3
7 2
6 3
5 4
4 1
2 5
 Types of Frequency Distributions

Categorical frequency Grouped Frequency Ungrouped Frequency

distributions Distributions Distributions
 Categorical frequency distributions: can
be used for data that can be placed in
specific categories (nominal- or ordinal).
 Examples:

political affiliation, religious affiliation,

blood type etc.
Example: 25 Army inductees were given a blood test to
determine their blood type. The data set is :
A B B AB O
O O B AB B
B B O A O
A O O O AB
AB A O B A
*Find the frequency distribution:
 P=(f/n)*100
Rf=f/n

CLASS TALLY FREQUENCY Relative PERCENT

(f) frequency
A 5 0.2 20%
IIII
B IIII II 7 0.28 28%
O IIII IIII 9 0.36 36%
AB |||| 4 0.16 16%
n=25 1 100%
 Grouped frequency distributions: can be
used when the range of values in the data set
is very large.
 The data must be grouped into classes that
are more than one unit in width.
 Examples - the life of boat batteries in hours.
 Upper
Upper Lower boundary
Lower
class boundary
class

Class Class Tally Frequency

limits boundaries
24-30 23.5-30.5 /// 3
31-37 30.5-37.5 / 1
38-44 37.5-44.5 //// 5
45-51 44.5-51.5 //// //// 9
52-58 51.5-58.5 //// / 6
59-65 58.5-65.5 / 1
 Class limits: represent the smallest and largest data
values that can be included in a class.
 In the lifetimes of boat batteries example, the
values 24 and 30 of the first class are the class
limits
 The lower class limit is 24 and the upper class
limit is 30.
 The class boundaries are used to separate the
classes so that there are no gaps in the frequency
distribution.
 Lower boundary= lower limit - 0.5
 Upper boundary= upper limit + 0.5
 Class limits should have the same decimal place
value as the data, but the class boundaries should
have one additional place value and end in a 5.
 For example: Class limit 7.8-8.8
find the class boundaries?
 The class width for a class in a frequency
distribution is found by subtracting the lower
(or upper) class limit of one class minus the
lower (or upper) class limit of the previous
class
 Class width=lower of second class limit-lower of first
class limit
Or
 Class width=upper of second class limit-upper of first
class limit
• The class midpoint Xm is found by adding the lower and
upper class limit (or boundary) and dividing by 2 .

Xm =
Or

Xm =

For example :
*EXAMPLE:
*Find the boundaries for the following class limits:
 44 - 37

 22.2 – 23.0

 6.25 - 6.55

 547.047 - 553.205

*Find the class boundaries for the class 24:

*Find the class width for the following class limit:

• 37 -- 44
45 – 52


Age Better way to construct a Age

frequency distribution
10-20 10-20
20-30 21-31
30-40 32-42
40-50 43-53
 PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTING
A GROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
STEP 1:Determine the  Find the upper class limits.
classes :
 Find the highest and lowest  Find the boundaries.
value.
 Find the range.
 Select the number of classes STEP 2: Tally the data.
desired.
 Find the width by dividing the
range by the number of classes STEP 3: Find the frequencies
and rounding up.
 Select a starting point (usually and find the cumulative
the lowest value); add the width frequency.
to get the lower limits.
EXAMPLE:
1- The following data represent the record high
temperatures for each of the 50 states. Construct a
grouped frequency distribution for the data using 7
classes.

112 100 127 120 134 118 105 110 109 112
110 118 117 116 118 122 114 114 105 109
107 112 114 115 118 117 118 122 106 110
116 108 110 121 113 120 119 111 104 111
120 113 120 117 105 110 118 112 114 114
STEP 1 Determine the classes.
Find the class width by dividing the range by the
number of classes 7.
Range = High – Low
= 134 – 100 = 34
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 34
Width= = =5
7 7

STEP 2 Tally the data.

STEP 3 Find the frequencies.
 Class Cumulative
Class Limits Frequency
Boundaries Frequency
100 - 104 99.5 - 104.5 2 2
105 - 109 104.5 - 109.5 8 10
110 - 114 109.5 - 114.5 18 28
115 - 119 114.5 - 119.5 13 41
120 - 124 119.5 - 124.5 7 48
125 - 129 124.5 - 129.5 1 49
130 - 134 129.5 - 134.5 1 50
 UNGROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION:
Example :The data shown here represent the number of
miles per gallon that 30 selected four-wheel- drive sports
utility vehicles obtained in city driving.

12 17 12 14 16 18
16 18 12 16 17 15
15 16 12 15 16 16
12 14 15 12 15 15
19 13 16 18 16 14
STEP 1 Determine the classes.
The rang of the data set is small .
Range = High – Low
= 19 – 12 = 7
So the class consisting of the single data value can be used.
They are 12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19.
 This type of distribution is called ungrouped frequency
distribution
STEP 2 Tally the data.
STEP 3 Find the frequencies.

Class Cumulative
Class Limits Frequency
Boundaries Frequency
12 11.5-12.5 6 6
13 12.5-13.5 1 7
14 13.5-14.5 3 10
15 14.5-15.5 6 16
16 15.5-16.5 8 24
17 16.5-17.5 2 26
18 17.5-18.5 3 29
19 18.5-19.5 1 30
HISTOGRAMS,
FREQUENCY POLYGONS,
OGIVES
CLASS AGENDA:
The three most commonly used graphs in
research are:
1. The histogram
2. The frequency polygon
3. The cumulative frequency graph (ogive)
 Graphical representation: why?

Purpose of graphs in statistics is to convey the data to

the viewers in pictorial form

• Easier for most people to understand the meaning of

data in form of graphs

• They can also be used to discover a trend or pattern

in a situation over a period of time

• Useful in getting the audience’s attention in a

publication or a speaking presentation
 Histogram

The histogram is a graph that displays the data by

using contiguous vertical bars (unless the frequency
of a class is 0) of various heights to represent the
frequencies of the classes.

The class boundaries are represented on the

horizontal axis
 Example 2-4: Construct a histogram to represent the data for
the record high temperatures for each of the 50 states (see
Example 2–2 for the data).
Class
Class Limits Frequency
Boundaries
100 - 104 99.5 - 104.5 2
105 - 109 104.5 - 109.5 8
110 - 114 109.5 - 114.5 18
115 - 119 114.5 - 119.5 13
120 - 124 119.5 - 124.5 7
125 - 129 124.5 - 129.5 1
130 - 134 129.5 - 134.5 1
 Histograms use class boundaries and
frequencies of the classes.
 Frequency polygons

The frequency polygon is a graph that displays the data

by using lines that connect points plotted for the frequencies
at the midpoints of the classes. The frequencies are
represented by the heights of the points.

The class midpoints are represented on the

horizontal axis.
Example 2-5:Construct a frequency polygon to represent
the data for the record high temperatures for each of the
50 states (see Example 2–2 for the data).
Class
Class Limits Frequency
Midpoints
100 - 104 102 2
105 - 109 107 8
110 - 114 112 18
115 - 119 117 13
120 - 124 122 7
125 - 129 127 1
130 – 134 132 1
 Frequency polygons use class midpoints and
frequencies of the classes.

A frequency polygon
is anchored on the
x-axis before the first
class and after the
last class.
• A frequency polygon is used to represent:
a) Dependent variables
b) Quantitative variables
c) Qualitative variables
 Cumulative Frequency Graphs Or
Ogives

The ogive is a graph that represents the cumulative

frequencies for the classes in a frequency distribution

 The upper class boundaries are represented

on the horizontal axis
 Example 2-6:Construct an ogive to represent
the data for the record high temperatures for each of
the 50 states (see Example 2–2 for the data).

Class Limits Class Boundaries Frequency

100 - 104 99.5 - 104.5 2
105 - 109 104.5 - 109.5 8
110 - 114 109.5 - 114.5 18
115 - 119 114.5 - 119.5 13
120 - 124 119.5 - 124.5 7
125 - 129 124.5 - 129.5 1
130 - 134 129.5 - 134.5 1
Class Limits Class Boundaries Frequency
100 - 104 99.5 - 104.5 2
105 - 109 104.5 - 109.5 8
110 - 114 109.5 - 114.5 18
115 - 119 114.5 - 119.5 13
120 - 124 119.5 - 124.5 7
125 - 129 124.5 - 129.5 1
130 - 134 129.5 - 134.5 1

Cumulative
Class Boundaries
Frequency
Less than 99.5 0
Less than 104.5 2
Less than 109.5 10
Less than 114.5 28
Less than 119.5 41
Less than 124.5 48
Less than 129.5 49
Less than 134.5 50
 Ogives use upper class boundaries and
cumulative frequencies of the classes.
 PROCEDURE TABLE
Constructing Statistical Graphs
1: Draw and label the x and y axes.
2: Choose a suitable scale for the frequencies or
cumulative frequencies, and label it on the y axis.
3: Represent the class boundaries for the histogram or
ogive, or the midpoint for the frequency polygon, on
the x axis.
4: Plot the points and then draw the bars or lines.
* …… is used starting zero and finishing the
total number of observations
a) Grouped frequency
b) Cumulative frequency graphs
•If proportions are used instead of frequencies,
the graphs are called ………………

•The sum of the relative frequencies will

always be ……..

•The sum of the percent will always be ……..

•………. And ……….. And …………..graphs

are used to represent continuous data.
•What types of frequency distribution?

•“ Cars Colors” what type of frequency

distribution should be used?

•The boundaries of 16.7 are …………..

•The boundaries of 13-19 ………….. And class

width is ………..
 SHAPES OF DISTRIBUTIONS
Flat

J shaped : few data values on left side and

increases as one moves to right
Reverse J shaped: opposite of the
j-shaped distribution
Positively skewed Negatively skewed
 2.3 OTHER TYPES OF GRAPHS
1. Bar graph

2. Pareto chart

3. The Pie graph

Bar graph represents the data by using
vertical bar or horizontal bar whose heights
or lengths represent the frequencies of the
data.
When the data are qualitative or categorical
,bar graphs can be used.
*EXAMPLE 2-8 P(69): COLLEGE SPENDING FOR
FIRST-YEAR STUDENTS:

Class Frequency

Electronic 728$

Dorm 344$
decor
Clothing 141$

Shoes 72$
 Average Amount
First-Year College Student Spending 800 Spent
700
Electronic 600
500
Dorm decor $
400
300
Clothing
200
Shoes 100
0
Shoes Clothing Dorm Electronic
0 200 400 600 800 decor
A Pareto chart is used to represent a frequency
distribution for a categorical variable (Qualitative), and the
frequencies are displayed by the heights of vertical bars, which
are arranged in order from highest to lowest.
*EXAMPLE 2-9 P(70): TURNPIKE COSTS:
Class (State) Freq. Average Cost per Mile on State
Turnpikes
Indiana 2.9
7
Oklahoma 4.3 6
5
Florida 6 4

Cost
3
Maine 3.8
2
Pennsylvania 5.8 1
0

Oklahoma
Pennsylvania

Maine
Florida

Indiana
 Time series graph represents data that occur
over a specific period of time.

year Freq.
2000 11
2001 10
2002 16
2003 15
2004 18
A pie graph is a circle that is divided into sections
or wedges according to the percentage of frequencies
in each category of the distribution.
EXAMPLE 2-12:

Construct a pie graph showing the blood types of the army

inductees described in example 2-1 .
Class Frequency percent
A 5
B 7
O 9
AB 4
Total 25
A stem and leaf plots is a data plot that uses part
of a data value as the stem and part of the data value
as the leaf to form groups or classes.

The stem and leaf plot is a method of organizing data and

is a combination of sorting and graphing.

 It has the advantage over a grouped frequency distribution

of retaining the actual data while showing them in graphical
form.
Example 2-13: At an outpatient testing center, the number
of cardiograms performed each day for 20 days is shown.
Construct a stem and leaf plot for the data.
25 31 20 32 13
14 43 02 57 23
36 32 33 32 44
32 52 44 51 45
 Formulas (CH#2)

Range: R= highest value – lowest value

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Class width:

Class Limits
24 – 30 c.w= R/ no. of classes
31 – 37
c.w= L2-L1
Or
c.w= U2-U1
The class width is the same for
any class.
 Formulas (CH#2)

** Class midpoint

Xm = Xm =

** Total of frequency= n= number of observations

** Relative Frequency= (f/n)
** Sum of relative frequency= 1
** Percentage= (f/n) * 100
** Sum of percentages= 100
** Class Width should be: Odd number
** Degree= (f/n) * 360
** sum of degrees= 360
** Less than  Cumulative frequency
REVIEW
CH # 2
 The following data represent the fire in the weak
for 4 city. Choose the correct frequency
distribution to organize the data:
Class Limit Frequency Class Limit Frequency

4-7 2
4-7 2
7-11 3
8-11 5
11-14 6
12-15 9
14-17 8
16-19 2

Class Limit Frequency

4-7 2
7-10 3
10-13 1
13-16 5
 What are the boundaries of 49.005 ounces ?
a) 49-50 ounces
b) 48.505-49.505 ounces
c) 49.0045-49.0055 ounces
d) 48.955-49.055 ounces
--------------------------------------------------------------------
 The class width for the class 28-33 is:
a) 5
b) 6
c) 33
d) 28
The following table shows the frequency distribution of
temperature (in degree centigrade) of 30 countries :
Class Limit Frequency
30-34 10
35-39 5
40-44 8
45-49 7
Use the above table to answer questions:
a) The number of countries with temperature less than
44.5 is:
b)The midpoint in the first class is:
c) The percentage of values in second class is :
What graph should be used to show the relationship between
the parts and the whole ?
a) Histogram
b) Pie graph
c) Pareto graph
d) Ogives
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In a pie chart, if the percentage of married people is 40 %. Then
their corresponding degree of the angle is:
a) 144⁰
b) 151.1⁰
c) 216.8⁰
d) 180⁰
In a stem and leaf plot, the leaf part for the data value 347 is
a. 34
b. 7
c. 47
d. 3
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Which graph should be used to represent "types of cars sold in
Jeddah"?
A) Ogive
B) Histogram
C) Pareto chart
D) Time series graph
 ……. can be drown by using vertical or horizontal bars :
a) Histogram
b) Bar graph
c) Pareto chart
d) Pie graph
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Other name for ogive is:
a) Histogram
b) Frequency Polygon
c) Cumulative frequency graph
d) Pareto Chart
The graph has ……….. Peak:
a)Two
b)Three
c) One
d) None
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Types of graph is:
a) Frequency polygon
b) Ogive
c) Cumulative frequency
d) Curve
Data collected over period of time can be graphed using
………..
a) Pareto graph
b) Pie graph
c) Time serious
d) Curve
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
what the correct stem and leaf plot which represent the
following data :
16 10 11 30 35 33 35 44 47
In a stem and leaf plot, the leaf part for the data value 347 is
34
7
47
3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Class Frequency
50-52 5
53-55 8
56-58 12
59-61 13
62-64 11

The number whose height or less than 55.5 inches

•5
•13
•8
•25
The heights of vertical bars in the histogram
represent the
a)Class width
b)Sample size
c)Frequencies of classes
d)Number of classes
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Which graph should be used to represent the

relationship between years of production and number
of buses product?