secretion
• Sel sel dinding GIT dan organ aksesori mensekresikan air, acid, buffer dan enzim kedalam lumen
Digestion
• MECHANICAL DIGESTION: menghancurkan struktur fisik makanan menjadi lebih kecil dan mudah
dicerna
• CHEMICAL DIGESTION: struktur carbo, lipid, protein dll dipecah mencadi molekul kecil melalui
hidrolisis enzim berperan
Absorbtion
Defecation
Sekresi mukus
Sel eksokrin
Terdiri atas:
1. Parasympathetic
2. sympathetic
Parasympathetic Sympathetic
1. N. vagus 1. Berhubungan juga dengan ENS
2. Berhubungan dengan ENS 2. Stimuli sympathetic menghambat
3. Stimuli parasympathetic aktivitas GIT penurunan motilitas dan
meningkatkan aktivitas sekresi GIT
neuron ENS aktivitas GIT 3. Adanya emosi (marah, takut,
meningkat kecemasan) stimuli Sympathetic
kinerja GIT menurun
3 tipe refleks gastrointestinal:
1. Refleks yang terintegrasi enteric nervous system pada keseluruhan GIT. Contoh:
sekresi GIT, gerakan peristalsis, mixing contractions.
2. Refleks dari GIT ke prevertebral sympathetic ganglia dan kembali ke GIT. These
reflexes transmit signals long distances to other areas of the gastrointestinal tract,
such as signals from the stomach to cause evacuation of the colon (the gastrocolic
reflex), signals from the colon and small intestine to inhibit stomach motility and
stomach secretion (the enterogastric reflexes), and reflexes from the colon to
inhibit emptying of ileal contents into the colon (the colonoileal reflex).
3. Refleks dari GIT ke spinal cord atau otak dan kembali ke GIT. Contoh: (1) reflexes
from the stomach and duodenum to the brain stem and back to the stomach—by
way of the vagus nerves—to control gastric motor and secretory activity; (2) pain
reflexes that cause general inhibition of the entire gastrointestinal tract; and (3)
defecation reflexes that travel from the colon and rectum to the spinal cord and
back again to produce the powerful colonic, rectal, and abdominal contractions
required for defecation
Th e digestive tract wall contains three types of sensory receptors that respond to
local changes in the digestive tract:
(1) chemoreceptors sensitive to chemical components within the lumen
(2) mechanoreceptors (pressure receptors) sensitive to stretch or tension within
the wall, and
(3) osmoreceptors sensitive to the osmolarity of the luminal contents.
Stimulation of these receptors elicits neural refl exes or secretion of hormones,
both of which alter the level of activity in the digestive system’s eff ector cells.
Th ese effector cells include smooth muscle cells (for modifying motility), exocrine
gland cells (for controlling secretion of digestive juices), and endocrine gland cells (for
varying secretion of gastrointestinal hormones
Receptor activation may bring about two types of neural refl exes—short reflexes
and long reflexes.
When the intrinsic nerve networks infl uence local motility or secretion in response
to specifi c local stimulation, all elements of the refl ex are located within the wall of
the digestive tract itself; that is, a short reflex takes place.
the autonomic refl exes involve long pathways between the central nervous system
and digestive system, they are known as long reflexes.
Gastrin disekresikan oleh sel “G” antrum lambung
Gastrin memiliki 2 fungsi utama :
1. stimulation of gastric acid secretion
2. stimulation of growth of the gastric mucosa
Proses penelanan difasilitasi dengan adanya sekresi saliva dan mucus pada rongga
mulut, pharynx dan esophagus
With functions:
1. Mixes and stores ingested food.
2. Produces secretions that help
dissolve and break down food
particles, especially proteins.
3. Helps control the passage of food
into the small intestine.
The stomach has four main regions:
cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus (pyloric antrum & pyloric Canal)
Pylorus communicates with the duodenum of the small intestine via a smooth
muscle sphincter called the pyloric sphincter
The surface of the stomach wall facing the lumen is lined with glandular epithelium.
The gastric glands contain three types of exocrine gland cells
that secrete their products into the stomach lumen:
1. mucous neck cells
2. chief cells
3. parietal cells
Th e four aspects Several minutes after food enters the stomach, gentle,
of gastric motility are rippling, peristaltic movements called mixing waves
(1) fi lling, pass over the stomach every 15 to 25 seconds.
(2) storage, These waves macerate food, mix it with secretions of
(3) mixing, and the gastric glands, and reduce it to a soupy liquid called
(4) emptying. chyme
A group of pacemaker cells (interstitial cells of Cajal) located in the upper fundus region
of the stomach generate slow-wave potentials that sweep down the length of the
stomach toward the pyloric sphincter
• Suatu kelenjar endokrin dan juga eksokrin
• Strukturnya dibedakan menjadi : head, body,
tail
• Memiliki 2 duktus:
1. pancreatic duct (duct of Wirsung)
2. accessory duct (duct of Santorini)
• Duktus pankreas akan bertemu dengan
duktus dari liver dan gallblader menuju
duodenum yang disebut dengan
hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater)
• 99% Sel pankreas berkelompok disebut
acini
• Sel sel acini merupakan sel eksokrin
yang memproduksi enzim digesti
• Terdapat pula sel endokrin yang disebut
pancreatic islets atau islets of
Langerhans
•Glucagon raises blood glucose level, and
insulin lowers it.
•Somatostatin acts in a paracrine manner to
inhibit both insulin and glucagon release from
neighboring beta and alpha cells. It may also
act as a circulating hormone to slow
absorption of nutrients from the
gastrointestinal tract.
•Pancreatic polypeptide inhibits somatostatin
secretion, gallbladder contraction, and
secretion of digestive enzymes by the
pancreas.
Liver Merupakan kelenjar terbesar pada tubuh manusia
Gallbladder adalah pear-shape sac yang menggantung pada margin inferior liver
Secara histologi, liver tersusun atas hepatocytes, bile canaliculi, dan hepatic
sinusoids
• Metabolisme karbohidrat, protein dan lipid
• Detoxifikasi subtansi seperti obat dan alkohol
• Menekskresikan bilirubin berasal dari derivat
sel darah merah lama
• Mensintesis bile salt dipergunakan di usus
untuk emulsifikasi dan absorbsi lipid
• Storage menyimpan vitamin (A, B12, D, E, dan
K) dan minerals (iron and copper)
• Phagositosis stellate reticuloendothelial
(Kupffer) cell pada liver akan memfagositosis
eritrosit, leukosit dan bakteri
• Aktivasi vitamin D
is the site where most digestion and absorption take place
divided into three segments—the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum
ileum joins the large intestine at a smooth muscle sphincter called the ileocecal
sphincter
• Dinding usus halus tersusun dari 4 lapisan jaringan:
1. Mucosa (epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae)
2. Submucosa
3. Muscular
4. Serosa