Obesity

Brooke Armstrong
Nick Evans
Jake Crull
Defining Obesity...

Obesity is, “a condition

characterized by the excessive
accumulation and storage of
fat in the body” 3

A chronic, relapsing, multifactorial, neurobehavioral disease, wherein an increase

in body fat promotes adipose tissue dysfunction and abnormal fat mass physical
forces, resulting in adverse metabolic, biomechanical, and psychosocial health
consequences.” 4
1. Merriam-Websters Medical Dictionary. Springfield, MA, U.S.A.: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated; 2016.

2. Welcome A. Definition of Obesity. Definition of Obesity. https://obesitymedicine.org/definition-of-obesity/. Published August 29, 2017.
How is obesity caused?
● Unknown…”a disorder with multiple
causes” 4
● Combination of genetics, overall
health, environment, culture and
socioeconomics
● Affects physiological health, quality of
life, emotional and mental health

Welcome A. Definition of Obesity. Definition of Obesity. https://obesitymedicine.org/definition-of-

obesity/. Published August 29, 2017.

 Who does it affect?

● Obesity can affect anyone

● Can begin at any age 5
● Men are more at risk to be
overweight, but women are more
likely to be obese 6
● Racial and ethnic minorities have
higher rates of obesity

Bhadoria A, Sahoo K, Sahoo B, Choudhury A, Sufi N, Kumar R. Childhood obesity: Causes and consequences. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2015;4(2):187. doi:10.4103/2249-

4863.154628.

Gupta RK. Nutrition and the Diseases of Lifestyle. In: Bhalwar RJ, editor. Text Book of Public health and Community Medicine. 1st ed. Pune: Department of community medicine AFMC, New Delhi:

Pune in Collaboration with WHO India Office; 2009. p. 1199. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/Pmc4408699/?report#ref2

 Increased Risks related to Obesity
Obesity was linked with “an increased

prevalence of type 2 diabetes,

gallbladder disease, pancreatitis,

coronary heart disease, cancer, sleep

apnea, depression, hypertension,

osteoarthritis, and high cholesterol” 11

Pi-Sunyer X. The Medical Risks of Obesity. NCBI. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2879283/. Published November 2009.
Testing for Obesity

● Most commonly used is the BMI (Body Mass

Index) test 10
● BMI =

“weight in kilograms / height in meters squared”.

The average numbers for a normal BMI
● Waist circumference, calculation of waist-to-hip
equal 18.5 to 24.9,
circumference ratios, measuring the thickness of
an overweight BMI equals 25 to 29.9,
a skinfold and general body composition tests.
an obese BMI would be considered
● Measuring blood pressure
30 and above.
● Measuring blood glucose levels
How are obesity & overweight diagnosed? Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and

Human Development. http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/obesity/conditioninfo/diagnosed. Published

 Treating Obesity

Assessment involves determination of the degree of

obesity through testing and defining risk status. Management includes reducing

excess body weight and maintaining

that weight loss by implementing

interventions to reduce risk factors.

NHLBI Obesity Education Initiative Expert Panel on the Identification, Evaluation, and

Treatment of Obesity in Adults (US). Treatment Guidelines. Clinical Guidelines on the

Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence

Report. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2004/. Published September 1998.

 Preventing Obesity

● Education is key!!!
● Self-management system
● Design long-term and short-
term weight loss goals
● Improve diet
● Monitor portions
● Increasing physical activity

Ackley BJ, Ladwig GB, Makic MBF. Nursing Diagnosis Handbook: an

Evidence-Based Guide to Planning Care. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2017.

 Meal Plan

● There is no specific diet to treat

obesity
● DASH diet
○ Easy, no calorie counting, no
unreasonable restrictions
○ Helps control health risks often
accompanied by obesity

Effects On Blood Pressure Of Reduced Dietary Sodium And The Dietary Approaches To Stop Hypertension (Dash) Diet. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation. 2001;21(3):176.
doi:10.1097/00008483-200105000-00012.
Zade MR, Telkabadi MH, Bahmani F, Salehi B, Farshbaf S, Asemi Z. The effects of DASH diet on weight loss and metabolic status in adults with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a
randomized clinical trial. Liver International. 2015;36(4):563-571. doi:10.1111/liv.12990.
 DASH Diet

● Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)

● Fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
● Fat-free or low-fat dairy, lean meat, beans, nuts, and seeds
● Foods high in saturated fat, sugary beverages, alcohol, and sodium are to be
limited or avoided
● Physical activity is key

DASH Eating Plan. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/dash-eating-plan#footnote1a. Accessed April 24, 2018.
DASH Diet Guidelines
Whole Grains Vegetables Fruits Fat-free or Lean meats,
low-fat dairy poultry, and
products fish

1,200 Cal. 4–5 3–4 3–4 2–3 3 or less

1,400 Cal. 5–6 3–4 4 2–3 3–4 or less

1,600 Cal. 6 3–4 4 2–3 3–4 or less

1,800 Cal. 6 4–5 4–5 2–3 6 or less

2,000 Cal. 6–8 4–5 4–5 2–3 6 or less

2,600 Cal. 10–11 5–6 5–6 3 6 or less

3,100 Cal. 12–13 6 6 3–4 6–9

DASH Diet Guidelines
Nuts, seeds, and Fats and Sweets and added Maximum sodium
legumes oils sugars limit

1,200 Cal. 3 per week 1 3 or less per week 2,300 mg/day

1,400 Cal. 3 per week 1 3 or less per week 2,300 mg/day

1,600 Cal. 3–4 per week 2 3 or less per week 2,300 mg/day

1,800 Cal. 4 per week 2–3 5 or less per week 2,300 mg/day

2,000 Cal. 4–5 per week 2–3 5 or less per week 2,300 mg/day

2,600 Cal. 4–5 per week 3 ≤2 2,300 mg/day

3,100 Cal. 4–5 per week 4 ≤2 2,300 mg/day

Week Menu
Week Menu
Obstacles with Obesity

● Eating out
● Uneducated
● Genetics
● Sedentary lifestyle
● Diseases
Eating Out

● Cheap
● Serving size
● Daily routine
● Does not meet nutritional requirement
● Meal planning

11 Facts About American Eating Habits.” DoSomething.org | Volunteer for Social Change, www.dosomething.org/us/facts/11-facts-about-american-eating-habits.
Uneducated

● Higher education = lower risks

● Diet related to overall health
Genetics

● Doesn’t mean you can’t prevent it

● Clean eating and exercise

“Childhood Obesity Strongly Linked to Parents' Genetics.” HealthCorps, 4 Apr. 2017, www.healthcorps.org/childhood-obesity-strongly-linked-parents-genetics/.
Sedentary Lifestyle

● High risk of obesity

● Creative with activity
● Park farther from the building, take the stairs, ride bike to work, stand at your
desk for periods of time
● Television
● Habits

A J, Baur, A L. 3. Management and prevention of obesity and its complications in children and adolescents. The Medical Journal of Australia. https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2005/182/3/3-management-and-prevention-obesity-and-its-complications-children-and.

Published February 7, 2005. Accessed April 24, 2018.

A J, Baur, A L. 3. Management and prevention of obesity and its complications in children and adolescents. The Medical Journal of Australia. https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2005/182/3/3-management-and-prevention-obesity-and-its-complications-children-and.
Disease

● Psychosocial function, sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, diabetes, gallbladder

disease, hypertension, heart disease, and cancer
● Caused by increased mass of adipose tissue
● Consistent Clean eating and exercise
Conclusion

● Overcoming obesity is founded on a lifestyle of good habits

● Healthy eating
● Physical activity
● Knowing ones weaknesses