GROUP 01 :

NOORFADZLINA BINTI HASSAN

ZUL IZWAN BIN RADZAK
GUNALAN A/L SANASIE
• A polynomial function is a function such as a
quadratic, a cubic, a quartic, and so on, involving
only non-negative integer powers of x

• For example, f(x) = 4x ³ − 3x ² + 2 is a polynomial of

degree 3, as 3 is the highest power of x in the
formula.
A) CONSTANT POLYNOMIALS
A constant polynomial is the same thing as a
constant function of the form p(x) = c
Example : q(x) = 7.
B) LINEAR POLYNOMIALS
A linear polynomial is any polynomial defined by an
equation of the form p(x) = ax + b
Example, f(x)=3x - 7
A) QUADRATIC POLYNOMIALS
A quadratic polynomial is a polynomial of degree 2.
has the form p(x) = ax² + bx + c

Example : h(x) = 4x² − 2x − 4

B) CUBIC POLYNOMIALS
A cubic polynomial is a polynomial of degree 3
equation of the form p(x) = ax³ + bx² + cx + d

Example, g(x) = 4x³− 3x² + x

+2
 Factoring a polynomial means expressing it
as a product of other polynomials.
This process is basically the REVERSE
of the distributive property.

distributive property

( x  2)( x  5)  x  3x  10 2

factoring
 Factoring by using different methods :
 Common monomial factor (using Great Common
Factor – GCF and highest degree)
 Grouping
 Perfect square
 Difference of two squares
 Sums & differences of cubes
i. The first step in factoring a polynomial is
to find the GCF of all its terms.

ii. Then we write the polynomial as a product

by factoring out the GCF from all the
terms.

iii. The remaining factors in each term will

form a polynomial.
Example 1 : Factor 4x2 – 12x + 20
4x2 = 2 · 2 · x · x , 12x = 2 · 2 · 3 · x , 20 =
2·2·5
Therefore, GCF = 4.
4x2 – 12x + 20 = 4x2 – 4 · 3x + 4 · 5
= 4(x 2 – 3x + 5)
Example 2 : Factor 6x – 9x2 + 12x
3

6x3 = 3·x ·2 · x2 , 9x2 = 3 · x · 3 ·x , 12x = 3 · x

·4
Therefore, GCF = 3x.
6x3 – 9x2 + 12x = 3x · 2x2 – 3x · 3x + 3x · 4
= 3x(2x2 – 3x + 4) 8
Example 3 : Factor 14x3y + 7x2y – 7xy
14x3y = 7·x2·y·2·x , 7x2y = 7·x·y·x , 7xy = 7·x·y
Therefore, GCF = 7xy.
14x3y + 7x2y – 7xy = 7xy · 2x + 7xy · x – 7xy
= 7xy(2x2 + x - 1)

9
• Remember that factoring out the GCF from the
terms of a polynomial should always be the first
step in factoring a polynomial.
• This will usually be followed by additional steps in
the process.

Example 7 : Factor 90 + 15y2 – 18x – 3xy2.

90 + 15y2 – 18x – 3xy2 = 3(30 + 5y2 – 6x – xy2)
= 3(5(6 + y2) – 6x – xy2)
= 3(5(6 + y2) – x (6 + y2))
= 3(6 + y2)(5 – x)

10
• Some polynomials can be factored by grouping terms
to produce a common binomial factor.
• Used when there are four terms in the polynomial.
• Goal: create two binomials out of the polynomial by
using other factoring methods.
b3 – 3b2 + 4b – 12
Step 1: Group

(b3 – 3b2) + (4b – 12)

Step 2: Factor out GCF from each
group
b (b – 3) + 4(b – 3)
2
Step 3: Factor out GCF
again.
(b – 3)(b2 + 4)
Example 1: Factor (10x2 + 5x – 2x – 1) using
grouping method.
= (10x2 + 5x)-(2x + 1)
= 5x(2x + 1)-1(2x + 1)
= (5x-1)(2x+1)

Example 2: Factor (mp2 + 7m + 3p +21) using

grouping method.
= (mp2 + 7m)+(3p2 + 21)
= m(p2 + 7)+3(p2 + 7)
= (p2 + 7)(m+3)
Example 3: Factor (2x3 + 16x2 – 8x +64) using
grouping method.
= 2(x3 – 8x2 – 4x + 32)
= 2((x3 – 8x2) + (-4x + 32))
= 2(x2(x – 8) – 4(x - 8))
= 2((x – 8)(x2 – 4))
=2((x -8)(x2 – 22))
= 2((x – 8)(x-2)(x+2))
(a + b)(a + b) = a2 + ab + ab + b2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

FORMULA: (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

(a – b)(a – b) = a2 – ab – ab + b2 = a2 – 2ab + b2

FORMULA: (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2

Example 1 :

x2 + 8x + 16

(x)2 (4)2

2 ∙ x ∙ 4 = 8x
Yes the factors are (a+b)2 :

∴ x2+ 8x + 16 = (x + 4)2
Example 2 :

4x2 - 12x + 9

(2x)2 (3)2

2 ∙ 2x ∙ 3 =
12x
Yes the factors are (a-b)2 :

∴ 4x2- 12x + 9 = (2x - 3)2

(a + b)(a – b) = a2– ab + ab – b2 = a2 – b2

FORMULA : a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b)
A binomial is the difference of two square if :
i. both terms are squares and ,
ii. the signs of the terms are different.
9x2 – 25y2
FUN FACT : x2 + a2≠ (x +
a)2
Factor each polynomial.
(a) 4m2 - 9 (b) x2 – 6x + 9 – y4

Solution :
(a) 4m2 – 9 = (2m)2 – 32 = (2m + 3)(2m – 3)

(b) x2 – 6x + 9 – y4 = (x2 -6x + 9) – y4

= (x2 -6x + 32) – (y2)2
= (x -3)2 – (y2)2
= [(x – 3) + y2][(x – 3) – y2]
= (x -3 + y2)(x -3 – y2)
The sum or difference of two cubes will factor
into a binomial  trinomial.

FORMULA: a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 – ab + b2)

same sign
Always
Always opposite
+
FORMULA: a3 – b3 = (a – b)(a2 + ab + b2)
same sign
Always
Always opposite
+
Example 1: 27x3 – 125

= 33(x3) – 53
= (3x)3 – 53
= (3x – 5)((3x)2 + (3x ∙ 5) + (5)2)

= (3x – 5)(9x2 + 15x + 25)

Example 1 64x3 +
125y6
= 43(x3) + 53(y2)3
= (4x)3 + (5y2)3
= (4x + 5y2)((4x)2 – (4x ∙ 5y2) + (5y2)2)

= (4x + 5y2)(16x2 – 20xy2 + 25y4)

Factor completely the following expressions :
a) 36a + 108ab + 81b2 ANSWER

b) y2 + 6y + 9

c) 121f2 + 264fg + 144g2

d) 21a3b2 – 14a4b – 7a3b2

e) 27a3 – 8b3
 Rational expression – A fraction whose
numerator and denominator are
polynomials.
 Rational expression can be in :
 Simplifying - a rational expression
means writing it in lowest terms or
simplest form.
 Rational can be in multiplying and
dividing expression or;
 Adding and substracting expressions.
Simplifying a rational expression means writing
it in lowest terms or simplest form.

To do this, we need to use the

Fundamental Principle of Rational
Expressions
If P, Q, and R are polynomials, and Q and R
are not 0, PR P

QR Q
Example

Simplify the following expression.

x  3x  4 ( x  4)( x  1)
2
x 1
 
x  x  20 ( x  5)( x  4) x  5
2
Multiplying rational expressions
when P, Q, R, and S are polynomials
with Q  0 and S  0.
P R PR
 
Q S QS
 Example 1
Multiply the following rational expressions.

( m  n)
2
m (m  n)( m  n)  m
 2 
m  n m  mn (m  n)  m(m  n)
mn

mn
Dividing rational expressions when P,
Q, R, and S are polynomials with Q  0, S
 0 and R  0.

P R P S PS
   
Q S Q R QR
Example 2
Divide the following rational expression.

( x  3) 5 x  15 ( x  3)
2 2
25
  
5 25 5 5 x  15
( x  3)( x  3)  5  5

5  5( x  3)
 x3
If P, Q and R are polynomials and Q  0,

P Q PQ
 
R R R
P Q P Q
 
R R R
Example 1
Subtract the following rational expressions.
3y 6 3y  6
 2  2 
y  3 y  10 y  3 y  10
2
y  3 y  10

3( y  2) 3

( y  5)( y  2) y5
Adding or Subtracting Rational Expressions with
Unlike Denominators
1) Find the LCD (Lower Common
Denominators) of all the rational
expressions.
2) Rewrite each rational expression as an
equivalent one with the LCD as the
denominator.
3) Add or subtract numerators and write result
over the LCD.
4) Simplify rational expression, if possible.
 Example 2
Subtract the following rational expressions.
5 3 5 3
   
2x  6 6  2x 2x  6 2x  6
8 222 4
 
2 x  6 2( x  3) x  3
Example 3
Subtract the following rational expressions.
7 7 3(2 x  3)
3   
2x  3 2x  3 2x  3
7 6 x  9 7  6 x  9 16  6 x
  
2x  3 2x  3 2x  3 2x  3
 Example 4
Add the following rational expressions.
4 x
, 2
x  x  6 x  5x  6
2

4 x 4 x
 2  
x  x  6 x  5 x  6 ( x  3)( x  2) ( x  3)( x  2)
2

4( x  3) x( x  3)
 
( x  3)( x  2)( x  3) ( x  3)( x  2)( x  3)
4 x  12  x 2  3x x 2  x  12
 
( x  2)( x  3)( x  3) ( x  2)( x  3)( x  3)
Find the following answer :
x
2
y2 y  2y
2
(a) 2 (b) 2  2
x
2 y  10 y - 24 y  2 y -8
2

9x  4x  7
3
(d ) 2
1

2
(c ) x  1  x  1 2
15 x  45 x
2
GOOD LUCK